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DENTAL 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



COMPILED BY JAM^S W. WHITE. 



^ PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED BY SAMUEL S. WHITE. 

• 1868. 



■^ 



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Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1.868, by 

SAMUEL S. WHITE, 

In the Clerk^s Office of the District Court of the United States 

in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



Lippincott's Press 



PREFACE, 



The frequent receipt of letters asking informa- 
tion as to the properties, dental uses, and methods 
of applying the various medicinal agents and prep- 
arations advertised for sale, or alluded to in the 
discussions of dental societies and by correspond- 
ents in the journals, has made it desirable to pre- 
pare something as a ready answer to such in- 
quiries. 

The natural, botanical, and chemical history of 
the articles noticed has not been attempted, be- 
cause it was not thought advisable to swell the 
volume by details which, if desired, are easily 
obtained elsewhere; nor, for obvious reasons, 
have their applications in systemic treatment 
been included. 

No effort has been made to give original 
ideas, but simply to collect from reliable authori- 
ties a list of remedies in frequent use by the pro- 

(3) 



fession, and the indications for their employment 
in dentistry. And in this connection, the cor- 
dial co-operation of gentlemen from whom in- 
formation and suggestions have been asked, is 
gratefully acknowledged. 

The graduates of dental colleges, and those who 
have ready access to the numerous authorities 
in medical and dental literature, will not of course 
expect to find anything new in these pages ; nor 
is it probable that the indicated applications of 
the various remedies will meet the approval of 
all; but the aim has been, by a comparison 
of authorities and the criticisms of leading men 
in the profession, to make the volume, so far as 
it goes, convenient, useful, and reliable. 

It is our intention to revise the book, from 
time to time, with such additions and modifica- 
tions as may be suggested or considered neces- 
sary to supply existing deficiencies ; and we in- 
vite from those who feel interested in the diffusion 
of knowledge useful to the profession, the commu- 
nication of friendly suggestions and criticisms. 

Philadelphia, July, 1868. 



INDEX. 



Abbreviations and symbols 14 

Acetate of morphia 56 

Aconite root, tincture of 44 

^ther 85 

Alcohol 35 

Alum 27 

Anaesthesia, local 104 

Approximate measurement 16 

Argenti nitras 77 

Arnica, tincture of. 39 

Arsenic 82 

Bichloride of methylene 102 

Bisulphite of soda 30 

Borax 27 

Calendula, tincture of 89 

Camphor 36 

Cantharidal collodion 49 

1* (5) 



6 



Capsicum, tincture of 43 

Carbolic acid 60 

'* *' and glycerin 63 

^' " '' iodine 67 

Carbon, tetrachloride of. 103 

Catechu, tincture of. 41 

Chalk, precipitated 19 

Chlorate of potassa 29 

Chloride of iron 55 

'' of lime 33 

<' of zinc 72 

Chlorinated lime 33 

Chloroform 85 

Chromic acid 81 

Cloves, oil of. 59 

Cobalt 70 

Collodion 47 

Creasote 60 

Definitions of the properties of remedial agents 11 

Elixir of vitriol and tannin 52 

Eruption of teeth 18 

Ether , 85 

Gaultheria, oil of. 25 

Glycerin.. 34 

" and carbolic acid 63 



Gold, tercMoride of. 79 

Gutta-percha, solution of 46 

Hyposulphite of soda 30 

Iodine 64 

^' and carbolic acid 67 

^' in creasote 69 

^' in glycerin 68 

Iron, perchloride of 55 

^' solution of perchloride of 56 

^' *' of subsulphate of 54 

*' subsulphate of. 54 

Kino, tincture of. 41 

Krameria, tincture of. 42 

Labarraque's solution 34 

Lime-water 20 

Litmus 84 

Local anaesthesia 104 

Lunar caustic 77 

Measures 15 

Mercury 23 

Methylene, bichloride of 102 

Monsel's salt 54 



8 



Monsel's solution 54 

Morphia, acetate of 56 

Myrrh, tincture of 40 

IS'erve paste 82 

Nitrate of ammonia 91 

" of potassa 29 

<* of silver 77 

Nitrous oxide 91 

Oil of cloves 59 

*' of gaultheria , 25 

^' of turpentine 37 

Opium, wine of. 38 

Oxalic acid 80 

Oxychloride of zinc 75 

Pellitory.. 70 

Perchloride of iron 55 

Permanganate of potassa 32 

Phenol sodique 58 

Potassae chloras 29 

" nitras 29 

Precipitated chalk 19 

Prickly ash 69 

Pulse at various ages 17 



9 



Resin 50 

Respiration at various ages 18 

Rhatany, tincture of 42 

Sage 25 

Sandarac varnish 21 

Sesqui chloride of iron 55 

Soap bark 25 

Soda, bisulphite of 30 

** hyposulphite of 30 

Solution of chlorinated soda 34 

" of gutta-percha 46 

** of perchloride of iron 56 

'' of subsulphate of iron 54 

Spirit of ammonia 21 

Subsulphate of iron 54 

Sulphate of zinc 71 

Sulphite of soda 30 

Sulphuric ether 85 

Sumach 26 

Styptic colloid 52 

Symbols and abbreviations 14 



Table of French decimal weights 17 

" of number of drops to fluidrachm 16 

Tannin 50 



10 



Teeth, eruption of 18 

Terchloride of gold 79 

Tetrachloride of carbon 103 

Tincture of aconite root 44 

'* of arnica 39 

*' of calendula 39 

'^ of capsicum 43 

*' of catechu 41 

'' of iodine 64 

'' of kino 41 

• *' of krameria 42 

'' of myrrh 40 

'' of rhatany 42 

'' of white-oak bark 41 

Turpentine, oil of 37 

"Weights and measures 15 

White-oak bark, tincture of 41 

Wine of opium 38 



DEFINITIONS 



OP 



TEEMS DENOTING THE 



PEOPEKTIES OF REMEDIAL AGENTS. 



Absorbent. — Neutralizing acid or irritant substances in the stomach or 

bowels. 
Alexipharmic. — Antidotal to poison. 
Alterative. — Promoting healthy organic transformations. 
Anesthetic. — Having the power of producing insensibility to pain. 
An aphrodisiac (Antaphroduiac). — Subduing the sexual passion. 
Anodyne. — Allaying pain. 
Antacid. — Counteractive of acidity. 
Anthelmintic. — Destroying or expelling worms. 

Antiarthritic. — Relieving gout. " 

Antilithic. — Tending to cure stone and gravel. 
Antiperiodic. — Preventing the recurrence of periodic diseases. 
Antiphlogistic. — Diminishing fever and inflammation. 
Antiscorbutic — Curing or preventing scurvy. 
Antiscrofulic. — Tending to prevent and cure scrofula. 
Antiseptic — Counteracting a putrescent tendency. 
Antispasmodic — Allaying spasms. 
Antisyphilitic — Overcoming venereal diseases. 
Antitoxic — Antidoting poison. 

Antizymotic — Curing diseases caused by a virus operating like leaven. 
Aperient. — Gently laxative. 
Aphrodisiac — Exciting the sexual passion. 
Astringent. — Contracting organic texture 
Carminative. — Correcting flatulency. 

(11) 



12 



Cathartic. — Producing evacuations from the bowels. 

Cauterant. — Searing or destroying flesh. 

Cholagogue. — Producing bilious stools. 

Corroborant. — Strengthening, or giving strength. 

Counter-irritant. — An irritant applied to one part to relieve disease in 
another part. 

Demulcent.— Soothing. 

Deobstruent. — Removing obstructions. 

Depilatory. — Removing hair. 

Depurative. — Removing impurities from the fluids of the body. 

Derivative. — Diverting from one part to another. 

Desicoant. — Drying up moisture or humors. 

Detergent. — Removing impurities, cleansing. 

Diaphoretic. — Producing perspiration. 

Diluent. — A drink which simply dilutes the various liquids of the body. 

DiscuTiENT. — Dispersing or repelling morbid swellings. 

Diuretic. — Increasing the secretion of urine. 

Disinfectant. — Destroying the causes of infection. 

Drastic. — Powerful, applied to purgative medicines. 

EcBOLic. — Inducing abortion. 

EcTROTic. — Causing abortion ; destroying morbid action. 

Eliminant. — Producing a discharge of morbific substance from a par- 
ticular organ. 

Emetic — Causing vomiting. 

Emollient. — Softening, soothing. 

Emmenagogue, — Promoting menstruation. 

Epispastic. — Irritating, blistering. 

Errhine, — Exciting nasal discharges. 

EsoHAROTic. — Searing or destroying flesh. 

EvACUANT. — Producing a discharge from a particular organ. 

Expectorant. — Promoting mucous discharges from the air-passages. 

Febrifuge. — Allaying fever. 

Galactagogue. — Causing flow of milk. 

Galactophora. — Promoting secretion of milk. 

Galactophyga. — Preventing or checking the secretion of milk. 

Hjsmostatic. — Arresting the flow of blood. 

Hepatic. — Promoting the healthful action of the liver. 

Hydragogue. — Producing watery stools. 

Hypnotic. — Inducing sleep or stupor. 

Irritant. — Exciting soreness and inflammation. 



13 



Laxative. — Producing gentle action of the bowels. 

Lenitive. — Assuaging, palliating. 

LiTHONTRiPTic. — Counteracting the formation of calculi. 

Narcotic. — Inducing sleep or stupor. 

Nervine. — Nervous sedative. 

Nutritive. — Nourishing. 

Parturient. — Exciting parturition — childbirth. 

Pectoral. — Relieving diseases of the lungs. 

Prophylactic. — Preventing disease. 

Refrigerant. — Cooling, mitigating heat. 

Resolvent. — Allaying inflammation and dispersing morbid swellings. 

Restorative. — Bringing back the natural functions. 

Revellent. — Diverting from one part to another. 

Revulsive. — Acting by producing irritation in one part to divert diseased 

action from another. 
Rubefacient. — Exciting superficial irritation. 
Secernent. — Promoting the secretions. 
Sedative. — Diminishing vital actions. 
Sialagogue. — Stimulating the secretion of saliva. 
Sorbefacient. — Promoting absorption. 
Soporific. — Inducing sleep. 

Spastic. — ^Producing involuntary muscular contraction. 
Spinant. — Acting upon the spinal marrow. 
Sternutatory. — Exciting sneezing. 
Stimulant. — Exciting or increasing vital action. 
Stomachic. — Inducing a healthful action of the stomach. 
Styptic. — Arresting hemorrhage. 
Sudorific. — Causing sweating. 
Suppurant. — Producing suppuration. 
Tonic. — Producing a permanent increase in the tone or vigor of the 

system. 
Vermifuge. — Destroying or expelling worms. 
Vesicant. — Producing blisters. 
Vulnerary. — Favoring the healing of wounds. 



14 



ABBEEVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN 
PEESOEIPTIONS. 

V\,. Minim. One-sixtieth part of a fluidrachm. 

Gtt. Gutta. A drop. 

9j. Scrupulus. A scruple = 20 grains. 

5j. Drachma. A drachm = 60 grains. 

fSj. Fluidrachm a. A fluid or measured drachm. 

Sj. Uncia. A troy ounce = 480 grains. 

fSj. Fluiduncia. A fluidounce. 

Bbj. Libra. A pound, understood in prescriptions to apply to an officinal 

pound of 5760 grains. 
Oj. Octarius. A pint. 
Cong. Congius. A gallon. 
Gr. Granum. A grain ; plural grana, grains. 
Ss. Semis. Half; affixed to signs as above. 

The Latin numerals are employed in prescriptions — i, ij, iij, iv, 
V, vi, vij, viij, ix, x, xi, xij, xv, xx, xl, 1, c, etc. 
]^. Recipe. Take, 
aa. Ana. Of each. 
Ad libitum. At pleasure. 
Aq. Aqua. Water. 

Aq. Font. Aqua Fontis. Spring Water. 
Aq. Bull. Aqua buUiens. Boiling Water. 
Aq. Ferv. Aqua fervens. Hot Water. 
Chart. Chartula. A small paper. 
Coch. Cochlear. A spoonful. 
Cort. Cortex. Bark. 
Decoct. Decoctum. A decoction. 
F. Fiat. Let it be made. 
Fol. Folia. Leaves. 
Flor. Flores. Flowers. 
Garg. Gargarysma. A gargle. 
Haust. Haustus. A draught. 
Infus. Infusum. An infusion. 
Liq. Liquor. 
M. Misce. Mix. 



15 



Mass. Massa. A mass. 

Mist. Mistura. A mixture. 

Pil.Pilula. A pill. 

Piilv. Pulvis. A powder. 

Q. S. Quantum Sufficit. A sufficient quantity. 

Q. Y. Quantum Yilueris. As much as you wish. 

Rad. Radix. Root. 

Sem. Semen. Seed. 

S. Signa. Write. 

Solv. Solve. • Dissolve. 

Spt. Spiritus. Spirit. 

Syr. Syrupus. Syrup. 

Tr. Tinct. Tinctura. Tincture. 



WEiaSTS AND MEASUEES. 

The weights and measures used by physicians and apothecaries in the 
United States when prescribing and preparing medicines are the fol- 
lowing: 

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 

These are derived from the Troy pound, and are exhibited in the fol- 
lowing table, with their signs annexed. Troy weight corresponds with 
the apothecaries' weight in pounds, ounces, and grains, but differs from 
it in the division of the ounce, which, according to the former scale, 
contains twenty pennyweights, each weighing twenty-four grains. 



Pound. 


Troyounces. Drachms. 




Scruples. 




Troy grains. 


R.l = 


12 = 96 


= 


2S8 


= 


5760 




SI = 8 


=. 


24 


= 


480 




51 


= 


3 


-= 


60 








31 


= 


gr.20 



APOTHECARIES' MEASURES. 

These are derived from the wine gallon, and are given in the following 
table, with their signs annexed: 

Gallon. Pints. Fluidounces. Fluidrachms. Minims. Cubic inches. 
Cong.l= 8 = 128 = 1024 = 61440 = 231- 

01 = 16 = 128 '= 7680 = 28-875 

fSl = 8 = 480 = 1-8047 

f5l = 60 = -2256 



16 



RELATIVE VALUE OF 
TROY AND AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS. 



Pound. Pounds. 

1 Troy = 0-822857 

1 Avoirdupois = 1-215277 



Pound. Ounces. Grains. 
Avoirdupois =0 13 72'5 

Troy =1 2 280- 



APPROXIMATE MEASUREMENT. 

A teacup is estimated to contain about one gill or four fluidounces. 

two " 

half a fluidounce. 
two drachms, 
one fluidrachm. 
half a drachm, 
about 10 grains. 



A wine^ 

A tablespoon of liquid is estimated to contain 

" of powder " " 

A teaspoon of liquid " " 

« of powder " « 

*' of magnesia " " 

A drop of water or watery fluids is equivalent to one minim. 

" oils and tinctures " " about }/^ minim. 

« chloroform " " about i^ « 



TABLE OF THE NUMBER OF DROPS OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS 
EQUIVALENT TO fSj. 



Aeetum opii 90 Chloroformum 180 01. olivae 

Acid, aceticum dil. 55 Ext. valerianse Fid. 115 " tiglii 
" hydrocyanicum dil. 52 Ether sulphuric 150 Spiritus seth. nit. 



muriaticum 
nitricum dil. 
sulphuricum dil. 



54 Glyeerina 
62 Eiq. ammoniae 
54 " iod. comp. 



" " aromat. 116 " arsen.ethyd.iod. 52 

Alcohol 118 " potassse arsen. 60 

" dil. 98 01. gaultheriae 

Aqua 64 " menthae pip. 

vir. 



55 " " comp. 

49 Tr. aeoniti rad. 
75 " ferri chlor. 

" opii 

" " camph. 

102 Yinum antimonii 

103 " opii. 



76 

80 

90 

90 

118 

132 

120 

75 

62 

78 



17 



TABLE OF THE NEW FRENCH DECIMAL OR METRICAL 
WEIGHTS COMPARED WITH AVOIRDUPOIS AND APOTHE- 
CARY WEIGHTS. 

The decimal subdivisions of the Metre, Litre, and Gramme are expressed 
by the Latin prefixes, deci, centi, mill, etc.; while the decimal multiples 
are expressed by the Greek prefixes, deca, hecto, kilo, etc. 

The Tnetre, or unit of length, at 32° C. = 39-371 English inches at 62° F. 
The litre, or unit of capacity, = 61-028 English cubic inches. 

The gramme, or unit of weight, = 15-434 Troy grains. 



Names. 


Equivalent 

in 
Grammes. 


Equivalent 

in 

Grains. 


Equivalent in 

Avoirdupois 

weight. 


Equivalent in 

Apothecaries' 

weight. 


Milligramme . . 


•001 


•0154 


lb. oz. gr. 


lb. oz. dr. gr. 


Centigramme . . 


•01 


•1543 




•1 


Decigramme . . 


•1 


1-5434 




1-5 


Gramme 


1- 


15-4340 




15-4 


Decagramme . . 


10- 


154-3402 


03^ 45- 


2 34^ 


Hectogramme. . 


100- 


1543-4023 


3>^ 12-152 


3 1 43^ 


Kilogramme. . . 


1000- 


15431-0234 


2 33€ 12-173 


2 8 1 14- 


Myriagramme . 


10000- 


154340-2344 


22 OX 12- 


26 9 4 20- 



THE PULSE AT VARIOUS AGES. 

No. of pulsations 
per minute. 

At birth 130 to 150 

One year 108 to 130 

Seven years 72 to 90 

Puberty . 80 to 85 

Adult age 70 to 75 

Old age 50 to 65 

2^ 



18 



RESPIRATION AT VARIOUS AGES. 

No. of respirations 
per minute. 

First year 35 

Second year 25 

At puberty 20 

Adult age 18 



ERUPTION OF THE TEETH. 

DECIDUOUS TEETH. 
(The lower generally precede the upper by two or three months.) 



Central incisors 
Lateral " 
1st molars 
Canines . 
2d molars 



1st molars 
Central incisors 
Lateral " 
1st bicuspids 
2d « 
Canines 
2d molars 
3d « 



PERMANENT TEETH 



5 to 8 months. 

7 to 10 « 
12 to 16 « 
15 to 20 « 
20 to 36 « 



5 to 6 years. 

6 to 8 

7 to 9 
9 to 10 

10 to 11 

11 to 12 

12 to 14 
17 to 21 



DENTAL MATERIA MEDICA. 



PEEOIPITATED CHALK. 

Calcis Carbonas Trcecipitata, 

This is a valuable remedy in the hands of the 
dentist as a dentifrice, a polishing powder for fill- 
ings, and for laboratory use. Also as a corrector 
of acidity of the mouth, when rubbed between the 
teeth in large quantity and allowed to remain 
over night. 

It is a good agent for obtunding sensitive den- 
tine, when faithfully applied sufficiently often for 
a few days, facilitating excavations of cavities 
that otherwise would be tedious to the operator 
and painful to the patient. 

For young patients, when indicated, it is especi- 
ally applicable. It will be well to supply a good 
article to the patient, with instructions how to use 
it, in order to secure the best results. Depositions 
of calculus contraindicate its use. 

Precipitated chalk is prescribed in cases of 
poisoning by oxalic acid, and the vegetable and 
mineral acids generally. 

ri9) - 



20 
LIME-WATEE. 

Idquor Calcis, 

This solution is made by adding cold water to 
freshly slaked lime ; kept in a well-stopped bottle, 
with the undissolved lime ; the clear liquor poured 
off when wanted for use. 

It is antacid, antiseptic, detergent, astringent, 
and gently styptic. 

Recommended as a mouth-wash in full strength, 
or diluted to suit the case, for viscid and fetid 
mucous secretions ; where the gelatinous tissue 
of the teeth is in excess of the lime salts ; where 
there is abnormal sensitiveness of the substance 
of the teeth, either in exposed dentine or denuded 
roots, and as an antacid to prevent the action of 
acid remedies upon the teeth. In those cases 
where there is evident tendency to rapid disinte- 
gration of tooth structure, from a deficiency of the 
earthy constituents, its habitual daily use as a 
mouth-wash is attended with beneficial results. 

Its unpleasant alkaline taste can be disguised 
by the addition of a small quantity of bruised 
liquorice root and coriander seeds. 



21 



SPIKIT OF AMMONIA. 

Spirittis A-mmonicB, 

Stimulant, antacid, antispasmodic. Useful in 
hysteria, syncope, asphyxia, etc., either inhaled 
by the nostrils or administered internally. Dose, 
10 to 30 drops in a wineglassful of water. 

It dissolves resins, gum resins, camphor, and 
the volatile oils. It is a convenient addition to 
spirituous liniments intended to produce a rube- 
facient effect. [N'ot more than 1 part of the 
spirit should, as a general rule, be added to 6 or 
8 parts, by measure, of the liniment. 

It is a convenient and efficient remedy used (by 
the addition of a few drops to a tumblerful ot 
water) on the brush, or as a mouth-wash, when 
the use of an antacid remedy is indicated. 

There is an officinal aromatic spirit of ammonia 
(Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus), fitted to fulfill 
the same indications, and more used on account of 
its grateful taste and smell. The dose of this 
preparation is from 30 drops to a fluidrachm, 
sufficiently diluted with water. 

SANDAEAO VAENISH. 

For temporary stoppings over creasote dressing 
and creasote and morphia applied to aching teeth, 



22 



this is convenient and efficient. After neatly in- 
serting the remedy, a pledget of cotton, just large 
enough to fill the cavity, should be saturated with 
thick varnish and gently packed upon the dressing. 

It has also been used to protect temporarily 
fillings of oxychloride of zinc from the fluids of 
the mouth, but for this purpose is inferior to the 
*' Solution of Gutta-percha" (which see). 

Equal parts of sandarac and gum benzoin make 
a good varnish with alcohol, which has a very 
agreeable odor and taste when fresh, resembling 
vanilla. 

Sandarac is useful in the laboratory to varnish 
models, to prevent the hands from becoming soiled 
by the plaster in handling them, and also to in- 
sure a better parting from the sand in moulding. 
Where it is desirable to make a very hard surface 
to the model, take some of the varnish and dilute 
it with alcohol to make it more penetrating, and 
apply several coats, until a smooth surface is ob- 
tained ; by this treatment of a model made of good 
plaster, which has been properly mixed, a very 
hard surface can be secured. 

Shellac varnish is used by some for the same 
purposes; it makes a tougher film on the face of 
the model, is more viscid, and consequently does 
not penetrate the plaster as much as the sandarac, 
and therefore does not give as great solidity to the 



23 



face of the model, and on account of its brownish 
color presents a less sightly appearance. In case 
the varnish becomes too thick, add a little alcohol 
to bring it to the desired consistence. 

M E E U E T. 

Sydrargyrmm, 

Mercury, in its metallic form, redistilled to 
insure freedom from foreign impurities, is em- 
ployed in the preparation of amalgams for fill- 
ing. The usual directions for its use are to 
put into a small wedgewood or glass mortar 
the quantity of mercury and so much of the 
filings as may be required for the time, and with 
the pestle rub the contents into a stiff paste ; add 
a spoonful of alcohol, and continue the rubbing 
until the liquid becomes quite dark; then pour it 
off and remove the amalgam to a dry cloth, with 
which completely absorb the moisture ; press out 
the superabundant mercury by twisting the mass 
in a piece of chamois-skin or stout muslin, and by 
pressure with large flat-nosed pliers, or by any 
other means preferred, and it is ready for use. 
Others direct it to be worked in the palm of the 
hand, or in a small mortar, adding bicarbonate of 
soda in powder, or common salt, and washing with 
water, repeating the process until the mass is 



24 



thoroughly cleansed and free from coloring matter. 
It has been suggested that in washing with al- 
cohol the addition of a few drops of a strong 
solution of chloride of zinc is advantageous. 

A neat little arrangement has been devised for 
the convenient use of mercury, called a Mercury 
Holder. It consists of a small bottle-shaped case 
of hard wood divided into two parts by a screw at 
the neck where it is opened to receive the mercury ; 
a smalT perforation through the stem opening at 
the mouth of the bottle allows the mercury to es- 
cape in a very fine stream, which can be regulated 
at pleasure. 

Mercury is also employed in the removal of 
amalgam fillings, applied by means of a suitable 
instrument with a silver point. The silver having 
been scraped bright, is dipped into the mercury 
and applied to the filling. The affinity of the 
mercury for the silver causes a portion of it to 
adhere to the instrument, but on coming in con- 
tact with the amalgam this affinity is overcome, 
and it unites with the filling, reducing it to a 
plastic condition, and allowing its easy removal. 
It is the custom with some to drill a small cavity 
into the filling, and place a globule of mercury in 
it, which soon softens the entire mass. 



25 
OIL or GAULTHEEIA. 

Oleum GaultJierice, 

This oil is prepared from the leaves of a plant 
variously called partridge-berry, tea-berry, or win- 
ter-green. 

It is aromatic, stimulant, and astringent. Used, 
chiefly on account of its pleasant flavor, as an in- 
gredient of mouth-washes. 

SOAP BAEK. 

Quillaya Saponaria, 

The name of this plant is derived from the fact 
that it imparts to water the property of forming a 
lather when agitated, like a solution of soap. 

An alcoholic tincture is frequently used as an 
ingredient of mouth-washes. An excess produces 
a very acrid, unpleasant taste, with a sense of 
constriction in the throat. 

SAaE. 

Salvia, 

Used frequently in country practice as a mouth- 
wash and gargle in the form of infusion ; an ounce 
of the leaves to a pint of boiling water, to which 
honey and alum or vinegar is added. 

3 



26 



It is pleasant to the taste, inexpensive, can 
frequently be procured where other astringents 
are not so easily obtained, and is really an ef- 
ficient preparation. 

SUMACH. 

Hhus GlabruTn, 

Of this genus there are several species pos- 
sessing poisonous properties, which should be 
carefully distinguished from that used in medicine. 
The one here noticed is variously called smooth 
sumach, Pennsylvania sumach, and upland sumach. 

The berries have a sour, astringent, not un- 
pleasant taste ; the astringency depending upon 
tannic and gallic acids. 

The infusion of the berries, an ounce to a pint 
of boiling water, makes a pleasant and efficient 
gargle in inflammation and ulceration of the throat, 
and in threatened tonsillitis has proven exceed- 
ingly valuable. Alum is sometimes added to the 
infusion. 

An infusion of the inner bark of the root has 
been asserted to be almost a specific in the sore 
mouth attending mercurial salivation. 



27 
BORAX. 

Sodce Soras. 

Kefrigerant and detergent. Much employed in 
aphthous affections of the mouth in children ; ap- 
plied in powder, either mixed with sugar in the 
proportion of one part to seven, or rubbed up 
with honey in the proportion of 1 drachm of borax 
to an ounce of honey. For adults it is frequently 
prescribed with an equal quantity of sugar. 

A case of inveterate cracked tongue is reported 
to have been cured by a lotion composed of 2 
scruples of borax in an ounce of glycerin and 4 
ounces of water. Borax is frequently added to 
gargles of sage, balm, etc. 

To harden plaster, thoroughly dry the cast, and 
then immerse it for a few minutes in a solution of 
borax in boiling water. When cool it will be 
found to be extremely hard. 



ALUM. 

Alumen, 

A solution containing from half an ounce to an 
ounce in a pint of water, and sweetened with 
honey, is an efficient gargle in relaxation of the 
uvula and inflammation of the mucous mem- 



2S 



branes, and as an astringent wash in mercurial 
sore mouth. Used also as a styptic in hemor- 
rhage from the socket of an extracted tooth and 
from leech bites. 

As a styptic, it may be used in powder or 
saturated solution, preferably warm, and retained 
in place until the bleeding vessels have con- 
tracted. 

There is an officinal iron alum (Ferri et Am- 
raonidd Sulphas) which is more astringeM than 
common alum, and prescribed in similar condi- 
tions. The ter sulphate of alumina {Aluminse Sul- 
phas) is an astringent and antiseptic, useful as an 
application to ulcers, and where a stimulating as- 
tringent and antiseptic effect is desired. It is more 
agreeable to the taste than alum. In solution with 
chlorate of potassa, it affords an excellent wash 
and gargle for many affections of the throat and 
tonsils. As a gargle, it is used in the strength of 
1 drachm to 4 ounces of water. 

These salts are peculiarly applicable to the heal- 
ing of wounded and inflamed edentulous mouths, 
but are contraindicated in mouths where teeth 
are present, in consequence of the injurious action 
of the free sulphuric acid upon these organs. The 
objection does not of course apply to their occa- 
sional use as gargles in diseased conditions with 
as much force as to the habitual use of alum as an 



29 



ingredient of tooth powders, for which purpose it 
has been recommended. Burnt alum is sometimes 
used as an escharotic for destroying fungous flesh. 
Alum is a prompt and safe emetic in the dose 
of from 2 to 4 drachms mixed with sjrup or 
molasses. 

NITEATE OF POTASSA. 

PotasscB Nltras, 

Antiseptic and refrigerant. It has been recom- 
mended in threatened alveolar abscess, the pulp 
cavity of the tooth being filled with the powdered 
salt, which is protected from being dissolved by 
the fluids of the mouth, by cotton and wax or 
sandarac varnish. 

It is a useful ingredient of gargles in certain 
stages of inflammatory sore throat, in the strength 
of from 2 to 4 drachms to the pint of water. 

OHLOEATE OF POTASSA. 

JPotassce Chloras, 

A resolvent and detergent ; employed in ulcer- 
ative and gangrenous stomatitis of infants, and 
mercurial and maternal stomatitis. Externally, 
in solution, it has been found useful as an applica- 
tion to indolent and scrofulous ulcers and pha- 
gedaena, to ulcerations of the nose, mouth, and 

3^ 



30 



throat, and for cleansing cancerous sores. When 
used as a gargle, from a drachm to half an ounce 
of the salt may be dissolved in a pint of water. 
A solution of 1 part to 10 parts of glycerin has 
been recommended as a dressing for ill-conditioned 
ulcers and wounds. As a gargle, it is frequently 
used in combination with tannin. A valuable com- 
bination for a mouth-wash and gargle in inflamed 
conditions is 1 drachm each of chlorate of potassa 
and sulphate of alumina to 4 ounces of water. 
It has also been recommended as a mouth-wash 
in gingivitis, in combination with borax ; 1 drachm 
of each to 2 ounces of water. Lozenges made 
of this salt are frequently prescribed for aphthous 
ulcers of the mouth and throat. This salt requires 
sixteen times its weight of water for its solution. 
Chlorate of soda has the advantage over the cor- 
responding potash salt of greater solubility, dis- 
solving in three parts of water. 

HYPOSULPHITE OF ^OJ)k-Sod<E Hyposulphis. 

SULPHITE OF SODA — >^o^^ Sulphis. 

BISULPHITE OF ^QJ)k—Sodoe Bisulphis, 

These remedies have come into general use in 
consequence of their extraordinary powers in de- 
stroying the life of lower organic beings. They 
are exceedingly valuable in that species of aphthous 



31 



sore mouth which is attributed to a parasitic vege- 
table. The acid secretions of the mouth liberate 
the sulphurous acid, which kills the parasite. The 
solution in these cases acts with surprising ra- 
pidity, a single application of it sometimes remov- 
ing the disease in twenty-four hours. 

In diphtheritic conditions of the mouth and throat 
they form an excellent gargle. A saturated so- 
lution has been recommended for office use, to 
cleanse the hands after operating. 

Asa mouth-wash and gargle, the strength may 
be a drachm of either of the preparations to an 
ounce of water, which can be subsequently diluted 
if unpleasantly strong. For aphthous ulcers, de- 
pending on vegetable parasitic formations and 
diphtheritic depositions on the mucous mem- 
branes, as well as a prophylactic to the operator, 
these remedies, in the form of lozenge, are very 
efficient. The taste may be disguised by combin- 
ing them with liquorice. 

As the bisulphite contains, as its name implies, 
two equivalents of sulphurous acid, it is to be 
preferred for mouth- washes and gargles on ac- 
count of its easier decomposition and the freer 
liberation of the acid when coming in contact with 
the secretions of the mouth. A strong solution 
of either of these salts is convenient for removing 
the stains of iodine. Bisulphite of soda in large 



32 



doses is highly recommended in the treatment of 
the constitutional effects resulting from poisoned 
wounds. 

PEKMANGAUATE OF POTASSA. 

JPotassce Fermanganas, 

A powerful disinfectant; by some considered 
superior to all others. It has an extraordinary 
power of destroying fetid odors from organic 
sources. It has been used successfully in the 
treatment of fetid and gangrenous ulcers, ab- 
scesses, and wounds of all kinds, of fetid dis- 
charges from the mucous membranes, and of 
diphtheritic affections; also as an antiseptic for 
the canals of teeth in which the pulp has become 
devitalized. 

It is applied to the diseased surface in solu- 
tions of various strength. In concentrated solu- 
tion it is capable of acting as a caustic, and 
therefore requires caution. A small quantity of 
the powdered crystals has been recommended for 
the cure of odontalgia, applied to the cavity of 
decay. As a gargle in unhealthy ulcers of the 
mouth and fauces, with offensive breath, it may 
be used in the strength of from 1 to 4 scruples to 
the pint of water. The stains of permanganate 
of potassa may be removed by dilute muriatic 
acid. 



33 

OHLOEINATED LIME. 

Calx Chlorinata^ 

Stimulant, astriogent, and disinfectant. Has 
been used with advantage in solution as a gargle 
in putrid sore throat, and as a wash for the 
mouth to disinfect the breath, and for ulcerated 
gums ; but its unpleasant taste and odor forbid its 
■use in a great majority of cases. It has also been 
used for cleansing the canals in teeth whose 
pulps have suppurated, and for bleaching dis- 
colored teeth. Care should be taken by plugging 
the canal to prevent the chlorine from escaping at 
the apicial foramen. Its efficiency depends alto- 
gether upon its chlorine, which, being loosely com- 
bined, is disengaged by the slightest affinities, and 
a solution of tartaric, citric, or acetic acid, of 
the strength of common vinegar, has been recom- 
mended for this purpose. A pledget of cotton 
saturated with the solution, dipped in the powder, 
should be applied quickly to the cavity, which 
must be immediately sealed with cotton and wax 
or sandarac varnish. Repeated applications ex- 
tending over several days may be necessary 'be- 
fore the bleaching is satisfactory. As a gargle 
and mouth-wash, the strength may be about 2 
drachms to the pint of water; it should be filtered 
before using. 



34 



SOLUTION OF OHLOEINATED SODA. 

[Laharraque''s Disinfecting Liquid.) 
Xiquor Sodce Chlorinatce, 

Stimulant and antiseptic. As a local remedy 
it has been found useful in those affections at- 
tended with fetor, such as gangrenous, cancerous, 
scrofulous and syphilitic ulcers, ulcerations of the 
gums, putrid sore throat, etc. 

In the sloughing of the fauces, occurring in 
severe cases of scarlatina, it has been highly 
recommended as a gargle. In the sore mouth 
from ptyalism, it forms a good mouth-wash, di- 
luted with from 8 to 16 volumes of water. 

The solution has also been used for bleaching 
discolored teeth. The caution given in reference 
to the use of chlorinated lime for this purpose ap- 
plies also to this solution. It should be kept in 
a well-stopped bottle, in a cool and dark place. 

GLTOEEIU. 

Glpcerina, 

The uses of glycerin as a solvent and vehicle 
of other medicines are too numerous to mention. 
It is soluble in all proportions in water and alco- 
hol. It dissolves bromine, iodine, bromide of 



35 



potassium, iodide of potassium, creasote, carbolic 
acid, quinia, tannin, morphia, strychnia, etc. 

An excellent application for use, in certain mor- 
bid conditions of the mouth, is borax 2 drachms, 
glycerin 1 fluidounce. For aphthous ulcers, an ad- 
mirable application is sulphite of soda 1 drachm, 
glycerin 1 fluidounce. 

ALCOHOL. 

Spiritus Mectificatus, 

There are three officinal varieties of alcohol of 
different strengths: 

Alcohol, of the strength of 85 per cent. ; sold 
in the apothecary shops where no qualifying word 
is used in the prescription. 

Diluted alcohol {Alcohol Dilutum), of the 
strength of 39 per cent.; formed by the mixture of 
alcohol with an equal quantity of distilled water. 

Stronger alcohol (Alcohol Fortius), of the 
strength of 92 per cent., commonly sold as 95. 

The diluted alcohol is used in the manufacture 
of many of the officinal tinctures. Beside these, 
there is the anhydrous or absolute alcohol, not 
officinal, but directed in some formulas, as for in- 
stance, in the preparation of the strong tincture of 
iodine. 

Alcohol is recommended as an efficient and re- 



36 



liable agent for the cleansing of pulp cavities and 
canals containing disintegrated pulps. Used by 
dropping it into the cavity and gently working 
fine probes into the canals. When it becomes 
turbid the cavity should be washed out with 
water, dried, and the application renewed until 
it remains clear. 

Alcohol is employed as the solvent of many 
articles used in dental practice, and for heating 
purposes, while soldering, annealing foil, etc. 

OAMPHOE. 

Camphora. 

A saturated solution of camphor in chloroform 
(in which it is extremely soluble) is an efficient 
remedy in allaying the extreme suffering induced 
by extraction of a tooth during severe perios- 
titis; apply on a pledget of cotton to the alveolar 
socket. 

Oil of camphor has a persistent, penetrating, 
fragrant odor, and a pungent taste, possessing 
considerable influence as an anodyne narcotic and 
refrigerant. In treating diseased teeth, wh^e 
there has been periosteal trouble or a dead and 
offensive pulp, it will be found very useful when 
a patient's idiosyncrasy is such as to prohibit the 
use of creasote. 



37 



Creasote is thought by some to be deprived of 
much of its offensive odor by combination with 
camphor, in the proportion of 20 grains to the 
ounce of creasote. It is said to modify the escha- 
rotic power of creasote without impairing its anti- 
septic qualities : others assert that it is productive 
of pain and irritation. 

OIL OP TUEPENTINE. 

Oleum Terebinthince. 

The use of this remedy in the treatment of 
odontalgia has been long known, and has with 
many been a favorite application to relieve pain 
resulting from inflamed pulps; but other remedies 
have now almost entirely superseded it. It has 
the advantage of being within the reach of all, 
and is not liable to produce the unpleasant effects 
that often follow the too free use of chloroform 
and creasote, while the beneficial results in many 
cases are as satisfactory. 

As an application to reduce inflammatory con- 
ditions that frequently follow the removal of pulp, 
it has been found very useful. 



38 
WINE OF OPIUM. 

Vinum Opii, 

Is a very convenient form of this narcotic 
remedy for application in the mouth. It is sooth- 
ing to tender gums, quieting to aching teeth, but 
above all useful in ulcerous patches on the gums 
or mucous membrane, from whatever source they 
may arise. As an injection in abscesses of the 
oral cavity, by means of a subcutaneous syringe, it 
is invaluable as a palliative and curative remedy. 
Used generally after or in alternation with tinc- 
ture of iodine, after pus has been nearly or quite 
prevented from forming. 

The wine of opium is made by macerating 2 
ounces of powdered opium, together with cinna- 
mon and cloves, in 1 pint of white wine. Tine- 
titra Ojni (laudanum) is made by macerating 1^ 
ounces of powdered opium in 1 pint of diluted 
alcohol (equal parts of alcohol and distilled water). 

For the treatment in cases of poisoning by the 
preparations of opium, see ** Acetate of Morphia." 



39 
TINOTUEE OP AKNIOA. 

Tinciura Arnicce, 

The especial use of this remedy is to prevent 
suppuration and eechyraosis in fresh bruises and 
ragged wounds. It should be applied directly to 
the part, on pledgets of cotton, in full strength, to 
secure its happiest effects. 'When largely diluted 
with water, it makes an admirable mouth-wash, 
for use while performing operations. In combina- 
tion with an equal quantity of glycerin, it makes 
a very pleasant application for external use to 
abraded surfaces, etc. To prevent ecchymosis, it 
is frequently prescribed in combination with an 
equal quantity of a solution of muriate of am- 
monia, made by the addition of a half ounce of 
the salt to 5 ounces of water. 

TINOTUEE OF CALENDULA. 

Tinctura Calendulce, 

This is a capital application to all fresh incised 
wounds, either in full strength or in various de- 
grees of dilution, applied on cotton, directly over 
the broken surface. It prevents inflammatory de- 
generation, and promotes union by first intention. 
Used after extracting roots and removal of foreign 



40 



deposits from the teeth. A few drops to a goblet 
of water, as a mouth- wash, is very comforting to 
the patient when undergoing the operation of the 
removal of salivary calculus from the teeth. 

TINOTUEE OP MYEEH. 

Tinctura Myrrhce, 

A stimulant tonic. Used, diluted with water, 
as a wash for spongy gums, aphthous sore mouth, 
ulcerations of the throat, and as an injection into 
the antrum in conditions requiring a mild stimu- 
lant application. Its use as a mouth-wash may 
be considered questionable, from the fact that the 
dilution of the tincture occasions a precipitation of 
the gum about the necks of the teeth, and thus 
tends to produce rather than alleviate the spongy 
condition of the gingival margins. 

A pleasant paste for use in relaxed conditions 
of the mouth and throat is made by the addition 
of 1 drachm each of pulverized myrrh and alum to 
an ounce of conserve of roses. 



41 



TINOTUEE or WHITE-OAE BAEK. 

Tinctura Quercus Albce, 

An astringent and tonic. Useful, diluted ac- 
cording to the effect desired, in relaxed conditions 
of the mouth and fauces. There is an officinal 
decoction of white-oak bark, an ounce to the pint 
of water, which is frequently prescribed as a 
gargle. 

TINOTUEE OF OATEOHU. 

Tinctura Catechu, 

A powerful astringent. Used, diluted with 
water, after extraction of teeth, and when an 
astringent effect is desired. It is apt to gelatinize 
when kept, and in this state is unfit to use. When 
diluted with water it does not form a clear solu- 
tion, and is therefore not so pleasant to the eye 
as that made from kino or krameria. 

TINOTUEE OP KINO. 

Tinctura JLino, 

An astringent almost identical in its properties 
with catechu, and useful in the same conditions in 
which that remedy is indicated. Dr. Wood reports 
a case in which obstinate hemorrhage from a wound 

4* 



42 



in the palate, after resisting various means, yielded 
to the application of powdered kino, which was 
spread thickly on lint and pressed against the 
wound by the tongue. 

The tincture, like that of catechu, has a tend- 
ency to gelatinize. It forms with water a clear 
solution, but is less pleasant to the taste, and per- 
haps less efficient than krameria. 

TINOTUEE OP KEAMEEIA. 

Tinctuva Kratneriw ; Tincture of Jlhatany, 

Tonic and astringent. May be used in all the 
conditions in which kino and catechu are bene- 
ficial ; but it has the advantage over kino in 
maintaining its medicinal properties for a great 
length of time ; and over catechu, that it makes a 
beautifully clear mixture with water, while the 
flavor is superior to either. 

Mixed with an equal quantity of good eau de 
Cologne, it makes a delightful mouth-wash, used 
diluted with water. 



43 



TINCTUEE OF CAPSICUM. 

Tinctura Capsici, 

KecommeDded in cases in which active stimula- 
tion is desired, and is advantageous both as an 
application inside the mouth or externally upon 
the face, from the fact that it does not vesicate. 
Conjoined with equal parts of chloroform and 
alcohol, it makes probably the best application 
for the purpose of resolving chronic inflammatory 
products, as in chronic periodontitis, or of hastening 
suppuration in acute periodontitis. 

To obtain its resolving effects, it should be 
applied moderately; for limiting and hastening 
suppuration, as frequently as can be endured. 
When so combined the vial containing it must be 
shaken before use to insure mixture. 

It is used as a gargle in the strength of a half 
fluidounce to 8 fluidounces of rose-water, and is 
applied in its full strength by means of a camePs- 
hair pencil to the relaxed uvula. 

It is recommended as a stimulant in cases of 
undue narcotic effects from belladonna, aconite, 
opium, etc. 



44 



TINOTUEE OF ACONITE BOOT. 

Tincttira A.coniti Madicis, 

In the early stages of inflammation, aconite is 
a powerfully abortive remedy, when applied at 
the site of inflammatory action. It is supposed 
to act by paralyzing the nerves of the part, thus 
abolishing the incitement to the local afflux of 
blood, favoring resolution, and limiting the size 
of the abscess where pus is already formed. To 
mitigate the pain sometimes felt in the alveolus 
after the extraction of a tooth, a drop or two upon 
a pledget of cotton introduced into the socket will 
give immediate relief. 

It is highly recommended as an application to an 
inflamed pulp ; and is used, in combination with an 
equal quantity of chloroform, applied on a pledget 
of cotton, to benumb sensibility previous to ex- 
traction. Care should he taken not to apply an 
excess — from 5 to 10 drops being a full adult dose, 
when internally administered. It is a potent dress- 
ing in the canals of teeth, as a preventive to peri- 
dental irritation. For this purpose, where so small 
a quantity can be applied, and powerful local effect 
is desired, a saturated tincture is used ; but this 
is far too active for general use. 

The officinal liniment of aconite is a very strong 



45 



tincture, intended only for external use, and re- 
quiring caution in its application to large surfaces, 
or where the skin is abraded, to prevent danger- 
ous constitutional effects. 

For local application, to benumb sensibility 
and prevent inflammation from progressing to 
suppuration, aconite is frequently prescribed in the 
form of the officinal solid extract {Extractum 
Aconiti) combined with Goulard's cerate {Cera- 
turn Plumhi Subacetatis), in the strength of from 
5 to 30 grains to the ounce, but care is required to 
prevent constitutional effects. Belladonna is used 
as an external application by some in the same 
conditions for which aconite is prescribed. 

The treatment directed for an overdose of aco- 
nite or belladonna is prompt emetics, cinchona, 
galls or tannin in large doses, electro-magnetism, 
and active stimulation. Opium is generally con- 
sidered a physiological antidote to belladonna, 
and forms also a part of the treatment advised 
in cases of poisoning by aconite. 



46 



SOLUTION OP aUTTA-PEKOHA. 

Idqiior Giitta-JPercJice, 

A soliition of gutta-percha in chloroform ; it is 
an excellent application for the temporary relief of 
odontalgia, and has also been used with advantage 
topically in cutaneous affections, ulcers, and as an 
ectrotic in small-pox. 

For the relief of odontalgia, a drop of the so- 
lution is applied to the exposed pulp, the carious 
cavity having been previously cleansed of extra- 
neous substances. 

The chloroform in the solution evaporating, an 
impervious covering of gutta-percha remains over 
the exposed pulp. It is very useful as a cover- 
ing to fillings of oxy-chloride of zinc, to protect 
the surface from the fluids of the mouth until 
they are sufficiently hard not to be injuriously 
affected by them. 

It will often prove very useful in securing ar- 
senical or other applications upon surfaces such as 
are frequently met with in the oral teeth of the 
middle aged, where pulp exposure follows me- 
chanical abrasion. The medicine having been 
placed in position, the surface of the tooth should 
be carefully dried and covered with a piece of 
muslin dipped in the solution, and cautiously pro- 



47 



tected until the chloroform has entirely evaporated. 
Should antagonism endanger its retention, a guard 
may be used to obviate such result by preventing 
the closure of opposing teeth. 

It is highly recommended as an application to 
abrasions, slight excoriations, etc., as a pro- 
tective. 

COLLODION. 

Collodium, 

A great advantage to be derived from the use 
of this remedy is in cases of alveolar abscess 
threatening to point externally, thus forming an 
unsightly scar. 

It should be applied over the tumor by paint- 
ing on successive layers, with a camel's -hair 
pen'cil, so as to act as a compress, and either in- 
duce resolution of the abscess or cause it to point 
into the mouth. It is also useful as a ready 
dressing for cuts. A piece of muslin should be 
dipped into the collodion and applied over the 
wound. Some smarting ensues, but the cover- 
ing is strong, and not liable to be removed by 
washing. For a combination of collodion with 
perchloride of iron as a haemostatic, see '* Chloride 
of Iron.'' 

A very useful combination for application to 
shght cases of superficial inflammation and ab- 



48 



rasion, is 5 drops castor oil to an ounce of col- 
lodion. This may be applied by the end of the 
finger or by means of a small brush to abrasions, 
slight excoriations, inflammation from friction, 
chaps on the lips or hands, and slight superficial 
wounds that have ceased bleeding. Should col- 
lodion become thick, a small quantity of ether 
and alcohol, in the proportion of three parts of 
the former to one of the latter, should be added. 
The following directions for its use in vulcanite 
work have been given : Form the wax or gutta- 
percha plate on an unvarnished cast of the thick- 
ness desired for the mouth, making it smooth as 
possible. Run the female portion of the cast with 
care, to prevent bubbling in the plaster ; separate 
the flask and paint the male model with the col- 
lodion. Carefully remove the wax or gutta-percha 
plate with the wax around the teeth, from the 
female model, so that the surface shall not be 
roughened or marred ; then rub the surface per- 
fectly smooth with a piece of muslin. Make the 
gates for the surplus material, and paint the en- 
tire surface with a thin coating of the collodion. 
Pack and heat the case in the ordinary way, 
using care not to mar the plaster model. After 
vulcanizing, polish the internal surface with brush- 
wheels ; first with oil and rotten-stone, then with 
whiting and water. 



49 



An objection to collodion for this purpose is 
that it sometimes adheres to the rubber when vul- 
canized, giving it an unsightly appearance. 

OANTHAEIDAL OOLLODION. 

Collodititn cum CantJiaride. 

A valuable remedy in periodontitis, applied to 
the gum about the root or tooth affected, by 
means of a cameFs-hair brush or a portion of cot- 
ton upon an instrument; the gum having been 
previously carefully dried. The lip or cheek 
should be held away, and the moisture pre- 
vented from passing over the surface till the 
ether has evaporated and the artificial cuticle 
been formed. Within a few hours blistering oc- 
curs, and the periodontitis is effectually relieved. 
The patient should be du^ected to puncture the 
blister with a needle. A mixture of tincture of 
cantharides and collodion, in equal proportions, 
painted on the gum, is highly commended by 
those who have used it for the same purpose; 
it is not nearly so strong as the ofi&cinal prepa- 
ration. 



50 
KESIN. 

Itesina, 

Pulverized resin is a valuable styptic in alveolar 
hemorrhage following extraction, and has been 
used successfully after the more prominent reme- 
dies had failed. It should be applied on cotton 
or lint. As this agent may frequently be ob- 
tained where other styptics could not readily be 
procured, a knowledge of its efficiency might serve 
a useful purpose. 

In this connection, it may not be amiss to 
allude to the haemostatic properties of the char- 
coal obtained from cork by charring, subse- 
quently pulverized, and applied in the same man- 
ner as directed for the resin. 

TAOIN. 

Acidum Tannicum, 

A powerful astringent. Locally it may be used 
for all the purposes to which galls or other vege- 
table astringents are applicable ; also for hemor- 
rhages, relaxation of the uvula, chronic inflamma- 
tion of the fauces, diphtheria, aphthae, excessive 
salivation, flabby and phagedenic ulcers, etc. It 
has been recommended as an application in some 



51 



cases of sensitive dentine, and for this purpose is 
sometimes used in combination with morphia or 
creasote. It unites with albumen, fibrin, and gela- 
tin, forming insoluble tannates, thus preserving the 
parts beneath from the influence of irritating agents 
till the case has time to terminate in resolution. It 
is soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin ; but the 
aqueous solution is liable to decompose when kept. 
An ointment may be made of it by rubbing two 
scruples first with twenty drops of glycerin and then 
with an ounce of lard. A solution in glycerin has 
been recommended as a powerful styptic, and an 
excellent local application in diseases of the mu- 
cous surfaces requiring an astringent impression. 
The solution is facilitated by a moderate heat. 

One of the most useful and convenient prepara- 
tions of tannin, and from which any other com- 
bination may be easily made, is prepared as 
follows: Tannin, 5 drachms; glycerin, 2 flui- 
drachms ; warm a wedgewood mortar, and rub 
into a smooth paste. It should be kept in a 
wide-mouth bottle. In this condition it is of easy 
application on pellets of cotton. As a gargle for 
relaxed or enlarged uvula and tonsils, tannin may 
be advantageously used in combination with 
chlorate of potassa — a drachm of the former, 2 
drachms of the latter, and an ounce of mel rosa to 
a pint of boiling water. In idiopathic hemorrhage 



52 



and sponginess of the gums it is very useful, 
either in the form of lotion or in fine powder 
sprinkled over the bleeding surfaces, and for 
hemorrhage from the socket of an extracted 
tooth it is one of the best remedies known ; as an 
injection in some forms of disease in the antrum, 
it has proved useful in the strength of from 1 
to 5 grains to the ounce of water. 

Tannin in large doses, 20 or 25 times that of 
the poison taken, has been recommended in the 
treatment of poisoning by aconite, belladonna, 
stramonium, and the soluble salts of antimony. 



ELIXIE OF VITEIOL AND TAOTIN-Satnrated 

Solution. 

A powerful astringent and haemostatic. Ap- 
plied without dilution to bleeding surfaces, en- 
larged tonsils, etc. 



STYPTIC COLLOID. 

A new styptic and adhesive fluid. This is a 
saturated solution of tannin and gun-cotton in 
ether, highly recommended for its styptic, ad- 
hesive, and deodorizing properties. It can be 
applied directly with a brush, or, mixed with aii 



53 



equal quantity of ether, in the form of spray. It 
solidifies blood or albumen by mere contact. -* 

In treating the roof of the mouth for carious 
bone, or in plugging a bleeding alveolar cavity 
after extraction, it is excellent. No irritation fol- 
lows its application, but rather a sedative effect. It 
combines nicely with various other agents, form- 
ing valuable compounds : 



With creasote, 


1 


minim 


to 2 drachms 


** carbolic acid, 


2 


u 


to 2 




*' quinia, 


2 


grains 


to 2 




'* iodine. 


5 


it 


to 2 




" iodide of cadmium, 


1 


ii 


to 2 




'^ morphia, 


1 


u 


to 2 




'* chloride of zinc. 


7 


ii 


to 2 





To remove the dressing, a mixture of ether and 
alcohol may be used, or proof spirit warmed a lit- 
tle above the temperature of the body. Cold or 
warm water will not dissolve the styptic, and 
should not be employed. 



5* 



54 
MOWSEL'S SALT. 

Ferri Subsulphas, 

A powerful astringent and styptic. Very ef- 
ficacious in cases of hemorrhage from incised 
wounds, or surfaces in which it is desirable to 
avoid irritation. It may be applied clear or dis- 
solved in water. There is danger of secondary 
hemorrhage from sloughing if applied too strong. 
It has been recommended as an application to 
sensitive dentine. 

MOUSEL'S SOLUTION. 

lAquov Ferri Subsulphatis, 

This is a solution of MonsePs powder, and is 
more convenient for some purposes than the pow- 
der, but possessing the same remedial properties. 
Applied on cotton to the bleeding surface in the 
hemorrhage following the extraction of a tooth, 
or for leech bites, it will usually arrest it in a few 
moments. 

In the treatment of ulcers and abrasions of the 
mucous membranes from badly fitting plates or 
other causes ; in slight wounds of the gums oc- 
curring during operations ; in cases of inordinate 
secretion from the follicles of the gum at the necks 
of teeth; and in a variety of cases which will 



55 



readily present themselves to the reader, it is per- 
haps the most useful in dentistry of all the fer- 
ruginous preparations. 

OHLOEIDE OF lEON. 

Ferri Chloridtifn ; SesquicJiloi^ide of Iron; JPerchloride 

of Iron, 

A powerful astringent and styptic. Used in a 
semi-deliquesced state for arresting hemorrhage 
after excision of the tonsils and extraction of 
teeth. 

It is used also as an application to bleeding 
surfaces, in various dilutions, from a half drachm 
to 6 drachms to the fluidounce of water. Its 
haemostatic properties are said to be much in- 
creased by mixing it with an equal part of com- 
mon salt dissolved in water. A haemostatic for 
wounds, leech bites, etc., is directed to be made 
by adding gradually and carefully 1 part of the 
crystallized perchloride to 6 parts of collodion. 
The composition when well made is perfectly 
limpid, and produces on the skin a yellow pel- 
licle which retains the elasticity of collodion film. 



56 



SOLUTION OP PEKOHLOEIDE OP lEON. 

Xdquor Fervi JPercJiloridi. 

This is a solution of the perchloride ; esteemed 
by some to be preferable to the crystallized, being 
more convenient for use. Its properties and ap- 
plications are the same as the solid salt. 

ACETATE OP MOEPHIA. 

3Iorphice A.cetas, 

This salt is regarded as possessing advantages 
over the sulphate for endermic applications, and 
is preferred in dental practice on account of its 
greater solubility, and an apparently greater 
chemical and mechanical compatibility with pulp 
tissue, often giving relief when the application of 
the sulphate only produces an exaggeration of 
suffering. It is preferred to the sulphate for 
these reasons, and because of its very much 
greater specific gravity, as an ingredient in the 
nerve powder or nerve paste in general use for 
the purpose of devitalizing the dental pulp. 

It is obvious that, its specific gravity being 
nearer that of the arsenious acid, the paste will 
remain a more homogeneous mass than if the com- 
ponents differed more widely in this respect. 



57 



Opinions differ as to the rationale of its action 
in this combination — some considering it an ob- 
tunder of sensibility during the action of the 
devitalizer; others regarding it as subserving 
more the purpose of dilution of the arsenic/ thus 
allowing more gradual action, and thereby insur- 
ing a more complete devitalization of the pulp. 
Rubbed into a paste with creasote, it forms a 
combination in general use for toothache, and for 
obtunding the sensibility of dentine. One-sixth 
of a grain of acetate of morphia is about equiva- 
lent in narcotic power to a grain of opium or 
25 drops of laudanum. A preparation composed 
of 2 drachms each of sweet spirits of nitre and oil 
of cloves with 20 grains of acetate of morphia, is 
dispensed by some practitioners to their patients 
for use as toothache drops, if needed in their fami- 
lies, or when traveling. 

The treatment directed to combat the effects 
of an overdose of morphia or opium is active 
emetics, strong coffee or tea, active stimulants, 
decoction of galls, flagellation, electro-magnetism, 
artificial respiration, and the free exhibition of bel- 
ladonna, which has been considered ^physiologi- 
cal antidote, though recent experiments tend to 
throw doubt upon this theory. 



58 
PHENOL SODIQUE. 

(JPhenate of Soda.) 

This preparation is made by neutralizing phenic 
acid with soda, and is manufactured directly from 
wood, peat, or coal tars. Haemostatic, antiseptic, 
and disinfectant, it is highly recommended as an 
astringent and styptic application to check exces- 
sive bleeding after extraction and prevent subse- 
quent soreness of the gums. It causes the rapid 
absorption of the extravasated blood, thereby pre- 
venting fetor of the breath, and facilitates the 
speedy closing, healing, and hardening of the 
gums. 

It is said to give almost magical relief to the 
'^ after-pains" of extraction, frequently less en- 
durable than the pain on account of which the 
operation is submitted to. It may be applied, upon 
muslin or cotton, over and around the alveolus, 
but so placed as not to interfere with the closure 
of the cavity by a clot and the kind and prompt 
heahng likely to result from its retention. For 
hemorrhage following extraction, it is preferred by 
many to the ferruginous preparations, as it appears 
to be entirely free from any escharotic or irritating 
qualities, and really sedative and antiphlogistic in 
its action. 



59 



As a wash for the mouth, it is highly recom- 
mended in that class of cases of soft, spongy, swol- 
len gums, which bleed at the slightest touch, and 
for office use, to disinfect an unpleasant breath, 
caused by a diseased condition of the mouth or 
throat. It is also highly spoken of as a remedy 
in cases of diseased antrum. Used to meet vary- 
ing indications, in its full strength, or diluted with 
from one to twelve times its bulk of w^ater, or 
even more, say a teaspoonful to a tumblerful of 
water. 

OIL OF CLOVES. 

Oleum Caryophylli, 

This oil is obtained by distilling cloves with 
water, to which common salt is added, in order to 
raise the temperature of ebullition. It is a stimu- 
lant aromatic and a powerful irritant, with a hot, 
acrid taste. It relieves toothache from irritated 
or exposed pulp, when introduced into the cavity 
of decay. 

Where a patient's idiosyncrasy is such as to 
prohibit the use of creasote, the oil of cloves has 
been employed as a substitute, the beneficial results 
from its use being ascribed to its irritant prop- 
erties; but it doubtless resembles creasote in pos- 
sessing pain-obtunding, and prObably antiseptic 
qualities. 



60 



For many purposes carbolic acid and creasote 
may be rendered quite pleasant, without detract- 
ing from their value, by equal admixture with oil 
of cloves. 

A combination of oil of cloves, sweet spirits of 
nitre, and acetate of morphia is a favorite remedy 
with some for odontalgia. (See ''Acetate of Mor- 
phia.") 

OEEASOTE. 

Creasotum, 

The therapeutic applications of creasote are 
given substantially under the head of carbolic 
acid. 

The two articles bear so close a resemblance to 
each other that they have been considered by some 
identical ; and though they have been proven to 
be distinct, yet they are often mixed, and nearly 
all the creasote of commerce for years past has 
been obtained from coal tar, and is carbolic acid. 

OAEBOLIO AOID. 

This is a product of the distillation of coal tar, 
and differs from creasote obtained from wood 
tar chiefly by the absence of some eupione com- 
pounds which are associated with creasote. In 
antiseptic power as well as in physiological ef- 



61 



fects, it has a close analogy with creasote. When 
anhydrous, it is solid at ordinary temperatures, 
but may be readily melted by placing the bottle 
containing it in warm water. 

As a therapeutic agent it is in very extensive 
use. It possesses stimulant, narcotic, irritant, styp- 
tic, antiseptic, caustic, and escharotic properties, 
uniting with albumen and gelatio, and forming 
with them insoluble compounds. It has remarka- 
ble powers as an antiseptic, and on this account 
is a valuable topical application in many cases 
attended with offensive purulent or other dis- 
charges. In its pure state it acts as a painful 
escharotic upon delicate surfaces, with a second- 
ary grateful, soothing reaction. 

It seems to have the effect of promoting the 
growth of healthy granulations and of hastening 
the healing process of wounds. It relieves pain 
without causing inflammation. When suppura- 
tion has set in, it arrests that process. 

Its application should be repeated as long as 
pus is formed on the surface or prurient mole- 
cules spring up, but it should not be reapplied so 
long as the eschar of the former application re- 
mains attached. 

It is considered very efficient in arresting tem- 
porarily the pain arising from an exposed pulp, 
and exceedingly useful in rendering the freshly 

6 



62 



prepared cavity of a tooth less sensitive before 
filling. A small piece of cotton saturated with 
the acid, and allowed to remain in the cavity from 
five to fifteen minutes, will frequently obtund the 
sensibility, so that the filling can be inserted with- 
out pain. It is an invaluable remedy in the treat- 
ment of alveolar abscess ; and in teeth whose pulps 
have been devitalized, the custom of many practi- 
tioners is to carry a pledget of cotton saturated 
with it to the end of the canal ; and some operators 
are in the habit of touching the walls of all cavi- 
ties with it before filling. Diluted with 40 vol- 
umes of hot water to 1 of carbolic acid, well 
shaken, and then filtered, it is valuable as an in- 
jection for sluggish abscesses, fetid ulcers, gan- 
grenous Avounds, and cases of caries or necrosis, 
in which it may be injected through the fistulous 
openings. For dilution, to use as injections, gar- 
gles, etc., it may be mixed with alcohol, and after- 
ward any desired quantity of water can be added. 
A few drops of this mixture in a tumblerful of 
water is resorted to by some practitioners as a 
disinfectant mouth-wash for office use in special 
cases. For local application, five drops or more 
of the fluid may be added to an ounce of glycerin 
or simple cerate. If the acid should come in con- 
tact with the skin, its caustic action can be pre- 
vented by removing it with a little oil. 



63 



Carbolic acid may be rendered quite pleasant, 
without detracting from its value for many uses, 
by mixing with it an equal part of oil of cloves. 

OAEBOLIO AOID AND GLTOEEIN. 

Acid carbolic, 5ss; 
Glycerina, 5xv. 

Recommended as an excellent application in 
ulceration of the nose and throat, and in fetid or 
ichorous discharges. 

A writer in the Medical and Surgical Reporter 
says: ''With this preparation, and its dilutions 
with glycerin or water, I claim an agent that 
will relieve and control with more certainty and 
celerity, phagedaena, sloughing ulcers, bed-sores, 
chronic, syphilitic, mercurial and strumous ulcera- 
tions, sloughing gummatis, phagedenic chancres, 
and all that class of obdurate ills, more satisfac- 
torily than any agent that has come within the 
range of my experience. ... It is invaluable 
for nasal, facial, tonsilar, pharyngeal, laryngeal, 
tracheal, and bronchial ulcerations." 



64 

IODINE. 

lodinium. 

Iodine operates as a general excitant of the 
vital actions, especially of the absorbent and 
glandular systems. Its effects are varied by its 
degree of concentration and the quantity used, 
and hence it may prove corrosive, irritant, desic- 
cant, or tonic. 

In glandular enlargements and morbid growths 
it is without a rival as a remedy. 

In mercurial salivation, a gargle is recom- 
mended of 3 to 6 drachms of the officinal tincture 
of iodine with from 15 to 30 grains of iodide of 
potassium dissolved in a half pint of water. 

Tincture of iodine may be made to cause 
slough, if used in sufficient quantity and kept 
pressed upon the part; but its principal use is 
as a stimulant to granulation and to harden the 
molecules to the standard of health normal to 
the part. Diluted to meet the various indica- 
tions, it is used as an injection in abscesses. 

A stronger tincture may be made by adding 
2 drachms of iodine to a fluidounce of absolute 
alcohol, shaking the mixture frequently, until it 
is dissolved, which will require a number of days. 

This is one of the best of the ''dental poly- 



65 



chrests," and in careful hands is capable of meet- 
ing a great variety of indications. It is especially 
useful in fungoid growths of the gums or exposed 
pulps, and suppurating margins of the gums and 
follicles of the mucous membrane. 

The manner of applying it will vary accord- 
ing to the desired depth of its action. For a 
fungoid growth the membrane surrounding it 
should be carefully dried, to prevent the remedy 
from spreading over the healthy structure, and 
then applied carefully upon the morbid growth, 
keeping the mouth open and the part exposed to 
the air until a metallic pellicle is formed. The 
mucous membrane of the lip should then be pro- 
tected by a pack of cotton, either dry or saturated 
with tannin and glycerin. 

For diseased mucous membrane, the solution 
should be applied with a tuft of cotton wound on 
the end of an instrument or held in a pair of 
tweezers, without drying the membrane, so that 
the affinity between the water in the mucus and 
the alcohol in the remedy may cause it to spread 
rapidly over the surface. To prevent it extend- 
ing further than desired, a wad or pack of bibu- 
lous paper or a napkin may be applied so as to 
dry the surface and thus limit the action. Keep 
the mouth open as before, until the metallic pellicle 

6^ 



66 



is formed and perfectly dry. No further dressing 
will be necessary in this case. 

Tincture of iodine may be decolorized by slowly 
adding to it a saturated solution of hyposulphite of 
soda, but it requires so much that it materially 
dilutes the tincture. The. following formula has 
been recommended for this purpose : Tincture of 
iodine, 6 fluidrachms ; distilled water, 2 flui- 
drachms ; hyposulphite of soda, 108 grains. Tritu- 
rate the soda with the water, and add the tincture 
of iodine gradually, with constant stirring. When 
the process is completed, filter. That which is 
sold in the shops as colorless tinct. of iodine is 
probably a solution of iodide of ammonium. 

Iodine, glycerin, and tannin, in varying propor- 
tions, meets most happily a great variety of sub- 
acute and chronic conditions, as abscess, ulcer, 
passive congestion, etc. 

There are two officinal ointments of iodine, 
Unguentum lodinii and Unguentum lodinii 
Comp. The compound ointment is somewhat 
stronger with iodine than the other. There is 
also an officinal ointment of iodide of potassium. 
They are used for similar purposes — the discussion 
of scrofulous swelling of the glands and other 
chronic tumefactions. 

Iodide of ammonium possesses properties analo- 
gous to those of iodide of potassium. As a stim- 



1 



67 



ulant alterative it is applied to enlarged tonsils, 
etc., dissolved in glycerin, 30 grains to the ounce. 

Iodide of cadmium has been used in similar 
conditions, dissolved in glycerin, or made into an 
ointment, 1 drachm to the ounce of lard. This is 
an excellent remedy where the discoloration of 
the skin by iodine would be objectionable. 

The stains of iodine may be removed from the 
skin by spts. of ammonia, or by a strong solution 
of hyposulphite of soda. 

IODINE AND OAKBOLIO ACID. 

This solution is prepared as follows : 

R. Tinct. iodinii comp., ^xlv; 

Acid carbolic cryst., ^vj ; 

Glycerina, § j ; 

Aq. destillat., §v. 

The iodine color gradually disappears, and the 
solution becomes colorless in from eight to ten 
hours, or as many days, depending upon the tem- 
perature. 

(A solution may be made containing double the 
quantity of iodine, but a longer time is required 
to decolorize it.) 

This compound possesses antiseptic and stim- 
ulant properties in a marked degree, and has 



68 



met with favor as an application in the form of in- 
jections, gargles, and lotions, in that class of cases 
in which iodine is prescribed — in sore throat, 
oz8ena,-'abscess in the ear, etc. 

Dr. Percy Boulton, to whom the profession is 
indebted for this compound, claims that it pos- 
sesses therapeutic virtues of superior eflficiency and 
is intrinsically a more efficacious agent than either 
iodine or carbolic acid, separately, in its power 
to modify the mucous membranes and diminish 
sensibility. 

It may be used in its full strength, or diluted 
to meet various indications. 

IODINE Ilf GLTOEEIW-Satnrated Solution. 

In patients very susceptible to the action of 
iodine, this form is preferable to the alcoholic solu- 
tion or that in creasote. For strumous patients 
it should be applied around the margins of the 
gums and over the inflamed surfaces of the mu- 
cous membrane on cotton, or painted on with a 
camel's-hair pencil, repeated once or twice daily. 
It is well adapted to the more benign forms of 
aphthsB and gum-boil, when very circumscribed 
and mild. 



69 



IODINE IN OEEASOTE-Saturated Solution. 

Where there is much suppuration from necrosed 
roots or processes, this is a powerful agent in 
changing the pus-producing to a plasm-produc- 
ing surface. It stimulates debilitated parts capa- 
ble of restoration to health, but destroys such as 
are too weak to respond to its action. No fun- 
gous growth can long resist its continued ap- 
plication. 

It should be neatly applied, avoiding contact 
with the healthy parts, and not repeated oftener 
than once in twenty-four hours, nor too freely 
used. 

It is hardly necessary to say that the necrosed 
roots and bones must be removed to enable it to 
effect its curative agency. 

PEIOKLT ASH. 

XantJioxylum, 

The bark is a stimulant, and acts as a sialagogue. 

A decoction of the bark is used as a wash for 
foul ulcers. 

The tincture of xanthoxylum has proved ser- 
viceable for removing the soreness which re- 
mains after the pulp of a tooth has been ex- 
tirpated. 



70 



A strand of floss silk, saturated with this tinc- 
ture, is introduced into the pulp cavity, and the 
application renewed frequently. 

PELLITOEY. 

Pyrethrum. 

The root is officinal. A powerful local irritant ; 
producing a tingling, burning sensation in the 
mouth and throat, and exciting a copious flow of 
saliva. A strong alcoholic extract has been em- 
ployed for obtunding sensitive dentine, and as a 
remedy in periodontitis ; but it has fallen into dis- 
use as more potent and reliable remedies have 
been introduced. 

In the form of decoction or tincture, diluted, it 
is recommended as a sialagogue and local stimu- 
lant to the gums and mucous membranes. 

The ethereal oil of pyrethrum is a pleasant ap- 
plication for the relief of odontalgia. 

COBALT. 

A reddish-gray metal, generally combined in 
its ores with arsenic. Some prefer cobalt to 
arsenious acid for destroying the nerves of teeth, 
being of the opinion that less irritation follows its 
action. It has also been used as an application 



71 



to sensitive dentine, on the supposition that it is 
not absorbed so readily as arsenious acid when 
employed for the same purpose; but there is no 
proof of this. 

SULPHATE OF ZINO. 

Zinci Sulphas. 

Tonic, astringent, and alterative. Its solution 
constitutes a good styptic to bleeding surfaces, 
and in some conditions of ulcerated sore throat 
forms a useful gargle, in the strength of from 1 to 
5 grains to the fluidounce of water; but its un- 
pleasant taste renders it objectionable for this 
purpose. 

Dried and finely powdered, mixed in the 
strength of an ounce of the powder to a drachm 
of glycerin, it is a powerful and painful escha- 
rotic, but has the advantage of not causing con- 
stitutional disorder from absorption, such as is 
sometimes produced by the arsenical prepara- 
tions. It is highly recommended as an injection 
in the treatment of some forms of diseased an- 
trum, in the strength of from one-half to 3 grains 
to the ounce of water. 

In doses of from 10 to 30 grains in solution, it 
is an almost instantaneous emetic. It is regarded 
as the safest of the powerful quick emetics, and 



72 



is generally relied upon for the prompt dislodging 
of poisons. 

Sulphate of zinc in an overdose acts as an irri- 
tant poison, and from its close resemblance to 
Epsom salts serious mistakes have occurred from 
its use. 

OHLOEIDE OP ZINO. 

Zinci CJiloridum, 

This is a powerful escharotic and disinfectant. 
As an application to freshly cut surfaces, its ac- 
tion is to arrest bleeding and secure union by the 
first intention by inducing exudation of glutinous 
matter from the severed tissues. A solution of 
20 grains to the ounce of distilled water may be 
used for such purposes. 

As an injection into sinuses and sluggish ab- 
scesses, it is considered very efi&cient. For such 
cases a solution double this strength, or even 
stronger, has been recommended, but caution 
would be required in its use. 

Where foreign deposits have caused the gums 
to recede, teeth to become loose, and pus and 
broken-down tissue to exude from the alveoli, an 
application of this remedy has been used, and is 
highly recommended. 

The treatment consists in a complete removal 
of all foreign matter, and the injection of the solu- 



73 



tion bj a hypodermic syringe, which should be 
carried to the depth of the loosened tissue, or, in 
other words, as far as possible without invading 
healthy structure, discharging a few drops of the 
solution, and shifting the syringe so as to make 
sure of bringing the application in contact with 
all the unhealthy surfaces. In the majority of 
cases it is said only one such application is needed. 
In the strength of 1 grain or more to the ounce of 
water, chloride of zinc is used as an injection in 
diseases of the antrum. 

This salt is eminently deliquescent, and is most 
powerfully escharotic in its deliquesced state. 

It is used for obtunding sensitive dentine, and 
by those who extol it most it is employed in this 
escharotic form, the cavity of decay being care- 
fully dried and the entrance of the fluids of the 
mouth precluded. A small drop of the deliquesced 
chloride of zinc is placed upon the sensitive por- 
tion of the dentine ; a steady but bearable pain is 
produced, which is generally of from one to three 
or four minutes' duration. Proximity to pulp 
should be noticed, and irritation of that organ 
prevented by capping with gutta-percha. Throb- 
bing instead of steady pain is the diagnostic symp- 
tom of pulp irritation, which complication during 
the application of chloride of zinc is the only dan- 

7 



74 



ger to be apprehended from the use of this escha- 
rotic. 

The pain peculiar to the application should be 
allowed to pass away before excavating, and it is 
probably due to the fact that many who have 
tried this article have commenced operating too 
soon, or have proceeded too rapidly, and thus 
have oeen indisposed to regard it favorably as 
an obtunder. 

Being decomposed in exerting its power as an 
escharotic, it necessarily acts but superficially if 
a small quantity only is applied, and thus care is 
requisite to remove only that portion of sensitive 
dentine which has become obtunded, after which 
the application may be repeated as desired. 

Dissolved in ether or chloroform, it is regarded 
by some as less painful during its application; 
others recommend putting a little creasote or car- 
bolic acid into the cavity before applying the 
chloride of zinc. 

Diluted, this salt becomes in turn irritant, 
astringent, detergent, and stimulant. 

Chloride of zinc — except in medicinal doses, 
which are very small — acts as a corrosive poison, 
the effects of which are combated by the car- 
bonated alkalies, which act by converting the 
poison into carbonate of zinc. 



75 



OXTOHLOEIDE OF ZINO. 

The medico-mechanical application of this agent 
is comparatively recent in dentistry, and has been 
brought to the notice of the profession under va- 
rious names — Os Artificiel, Osteoplastic, Bone fill- 
ing, etc. That in most general use for ordinary 
plugging is composed of oxide of zinc, borax, and 
silex, moistened with a solution of chloride of 
zinc of the strength of 1 ounce of the salt to 
6 drachms of water. This preparation has been 
extensively tested as a capping or temporary 
filling over freshly-exposed pulps, and with results 
which are represented as very gratifying. For 
this purpose, however, the fluid should be chloride 
of zinc 1 ounce, water 1 to 2 ounces, making 
a solution of only sufficient strength to cause the 
mixture to set. On its removal, months after, the 
subjacent pulp has been found healthy, and even 
protected by a deposit of secondary dentine. The 
success which has attended its use gives hope of 
relief from the necessity of extirpating exposed 
pulps, when they have not taken on a highly in- 
flamed condition. The cavity having been cleaned, 
creasote should be applied to the exposed pulp, 
and the oxvchloride introduced in a semifluid 
state. The pain experienced varies in intensity. 



76 



It is generally of short duration, but may in ex- 
ceptional cases continue for an hour or even 
longer. The permanence of this material greatly 
depends upon its being perfectly protected from 
the fluids of the mouth until it becomes quite 
hard (requiring about half an hour), which may 
be assured by any of the methods deemed most 
adyantageous for preventing the ingress of saliva, 
the rubber-dam, in this connection, as in the in- 
sertion of gold, proving a most valuable appliance. 
It is best to introduce a surplus of material, to 
admit of trimming into proper shape, which may 
be done at once, although it is advisable to cover 
it with a protective layer of gutta-percha in chloro- 
form, and allow several days to intervene, for the 
more thorough solidification of the cap prior to 
the removal of the excess of material and final in- 
sertion of the metal stopping. 

There is another direction in which oxy chloride 
of zinc proves a most valuable adjunct in efforts 
for the preservation of teeth, viz., in filling the 
bulk of cavities in treated teeth. By this method 
many advantages accrue, among which may be 
mentioned the saving of time and expense, with 
an equally durable result ; the diminution of the 
risk of periodontitis, so liable to supervene upon 
prolonged violence ; the avoidance of risk of frac- 
ture in frail teeth, and the equal support insured; 



1 



77 



the obviation of the yellow color when the 
enamel is thin; and, in the event of subsequent 
trouble, the comparative ease with which its re- 
moval may be effected. The gold must of course 
leave no portion of the oxychloride exposed. 

This material is likewise employed for securing 
the effects of chloride of zinc in the hypersensi- 
tiveness of dentine, — used as a temporary filling, 
and allowed to remain until, in the judgment of 
the operator, its effects are induced. Should ten- 
derness recur in excavating, a second and even a 
third application may be found advantageous. 



NITEATE OF SILVEE. 

A.rgenti Niti'as Fusa; Iiunar Caustic, 

The pure salt in crystals {Argenti Nitras) is 
the form in which this remedy is used for inter- 
nal exhibition, and sometimes, in cases requiring 
nicety, it is employed in solution externally ; but 
generally that which comes in the form of sticks 
of the size of a goose-quill, and known as lunar 
caustic, is the form prescribed for external use. 

In vitiated conditions of the mucous membranes 
and gum tissue, this salt may be used in the solid 
form or in aqueous or ethereal solution. In vary- 
ing strength, from 1 to 60 grains to the ounce, it 

7^ 



78 



is stimulant, alterative, detergent, deobstruent, 
styptic, discutient, vesicant or escharotic. 

A solution, made in the proportion of half a 
grain of the crystals to a fluidounce of distilled 
water, forms a good mouth-wash for healing ulcers 
produced by mercury; and in inflammation of the 
mouth from mercurial salivation, or in cases of 
inordinate secretion from the edges of the gums, for 
stubborn ulcers and aphthous sores of the mouth, 
a concentrated solution, 1 drachm to an ounce of 
distilled water, applied by means of a camePs-hair 
brush, has been found very useful. 

It has also been used with advantage in some 
abnormal conditions of the maxillary sinus as an 
injection, in the strength of from 1 to 5 grains 
of the salt to a fluidounce of distilled water, and 
as an injection into fistulas. 

Should the pain produced by its external use be 
excessive, it can be immediately allayed by wash- 
ing the parts with a solution of common salt, 
which acts by decomposing the caustic. 

As a styptic it is not so reliable as the styptic 
preparations of iron, or even as tannin. Like sul- 
phate of copper, sulphate of zinc, acetate of lead, 
etc., it forms a coagulum with albumen, but the 
clot is soluble in an excess of albumen, while that 
formed by tannic acid and perchloride and per- 
sulphate of iron is not soluble in albumen or any 



79 



other constituent of the blood. It is a powerful 
caustic, whether applied to the soft parts or to the 
bony tissues. It has been recommended as an ap- 
plication in the solid form or very strong solution 
to sensitive dentine ; it acts on the gelatinous por- 
tion of the tooth, destroying its vitality to the 
extent of the combination which takes place. 

It is with some practitioners a favorite applica- 
tion, in the solid form, to obtund sensitiveness 
where abrasion of the teeth has exposed the 
dentine. 

Though capable of meeting a great variety of 
morbid conditions, this salt is less frequently used 
in the mouth than formerly, on account of its per- 
sistent bitter, metallic taste, and because other 
remedies not open to this objection have been 
found to meet the indications as well. 

To obviate the effects of poisoning by nitrate of 
silver, a strong solution of common salt is directed 
(which converts it into chloride of silver), followed 
by emetics and antiphlogistic treatment. 

TEEOHLOEIDE OF GOLD. 

Gold dissolved in aqua regia and the solution 
evaporated to dryness. 

It is an escharotic and disinfectant. In its 
physiological effects it is similar to corrosive sub- 
limate. 



80 



It is used as a local application to sensitive 
dentine. For this purpose the ethereal solution 
is preferable to the aqueous. It is applied, like 
chloride of zinc, on a pellet of cotton, and acts 
more promptly and with less pain. 

It is not absorbed by the dentine, but forms an 
insoluble compound with the gelatinous elements. 

It is very liable to decomposition. By expo- 
sure to air or light the gold is precipitated in the 
metallic form. 

OXALIC AOID. 

A.cidum Oxalicum, 

This acid has recently been recommended for 
bleaching discolored teeth, and it will no doubt 
act efficiently where color depends on the pres- 
ence of the salts of iron ; but it has a powerful 
affinity for lime salts, and should therefore be 
allowed to remain but a very short time in con- 
tact with tooth substance. An injudicious use of 
it would result in the destruction of the tooth. 

Oxalic acid is a virulent poison, and fatal mis- 
takes have occurred on account of its having some 
resemblance to Epsom salts. A saturated solution 
of it is very useful in removing iron and ink stains 
from the fingers. 

In poisonous doses it destroys life with great 
certainty and rapidity. The treatment of poison- 



81 



ing by oxalic acid consists in the free administra- 
tion of chalk or carbonate of magnesia. 

OHKOMIO AOID. 

A.cidum Chromicum. 

This acid is in the form of brilliant crimson-red 
crystals. It is deliquescent and very soluble in 
water. It is one of the most powerful escharotics 
known, and acts as a rapid destroyer of organic 
matter. 

It has been recommended for bleaching dis- 
colored teeth, and to obtund sensitive dentine; 
but its application produces so much pain and is 
so destructive to the tissues, that it would require 
great skill and judgment not to do more mischief 
than good by its use. 

For morbid growths upon the gums, chromic 
acid is a valuable remedy, if intelligently used. It 
may be applied deliquesced or diluted, to graduate 
the action according to the effect desired. It is 
most conveniently applied by means of a gold or 
platinum wire. Great care should he exercised 
to protect the healthy parts. 



82 
AESENIO. 

A-rsenicutn, 

Arsenic is a brittle, crystalline metal, of a steel- 
gray color, presenting a brilliant surface when 
recently broken or sublimated. It is almost in- 
variably present in cobalt ores, and it is from 
these that the arsenious acid or white oxide of 
arsenic is obtained. By roasting the ore in fur- 
naces the arsenic is converted into arsenious acid; 
sublimation of this product ensues, and it is con- 
densed upon the sides of flues arranged for the 
purpose. 

Arsenious acid (Acidum Arseniosum), in medi- 
cinal doses, is alterative and antiperiodic ; ap- 
plied externally, it is violently irritant. It was 
from this fact that Dr. John R. Spooner, of Mon- 
treal, suggested its use, as early as 1836, for the 
purpose of devitalizing the dental pulp. 

It has been employed in different combinations 
and according to various directions ever since that 
time. The prevailing method at the present day 
is in combination with a salt of morphia and crea- 
sote (carbolic acid). The acetate of morphia, as 
suggested by Dr. Spooner, possesses advantages 
over the sulphate. (See ''Acetate of Morphia.") 
The creasote or carbolic acid is employed for the 
double purpose of obtunding pain during the opera- 



83 



tion of the arsenious acid, and of giving a conveni- 
ent form (paste) for making the application. It 
holds the arsenic and the morphia together me- 
chanically, not dissolving them, as has been as- 
serted. The use of this paste is now principally 
confined to the devitalization of the dental pulp 
when exposed. It has been largely employed for 
obtunding sensitive dentine, but its effects have 
proved so disastrous in the opinion of a large 
number of operators, that they have entirely 
abandoned it. Those who still contend for its 
value, concede that its employment for this pur- 
pose should be exceedingly limited, and the dura- 
tion of its application not more than from one 
to two or three hours, unless found absolutely 
necessary upon examination. 

It is proper to add that the use of arsenic in 
dental practice, for any purpose whatever, has 
been denounced, on the ground that, as an applica- 
tion to sensitive dentine, it is liable to cause the 
death of the pulp, and that there is no possible 
case in which its destruction should be purposely 
attempted. 

Arsenious acid, administered internally or ap- 
plied externally in an overdose, is a violent irri- 
tant poison. The treatment recommended in such 
cases is prompt emesis, provoked by the finger or 
the feather part of a quill, and the administration 



84 



of an emetic, such as sulphate of zinc, followed by 
demulcent drinks — either milk, white of eggs, or 
flour and water. 

The antidote is the hjdrated sesquioxide (per- 
oxide) of iron, procured by the addition of an ex- 
cess of liquor ammonias to muriated tincture of 
iron, or better, to hquor ferri tersulphatis, which 
yields the peroxide as a dense precipitate. It 
should be given in tablespoonful doses every five 
minutes until the symptoms are relieved. 

LITMUS. 

Ijacmus, 

A peculiar blue coloring matter, derived from 
certain lichens. Used as a test of acids and alka- 
lies. Employed either in infusion or in the form 
of litmus paper. 

Litmus paper is prepared by forming a strong, 
clear infusion with 1 part of litmus to 4 of water, 
and dipping slips of white unsized paper into it. 
The paper should then be carefully dried, and 
kept in well-stopped bottles, from which the light 
is excluded. It is a very delicate test for acids, 
the paper turning red immediately upon being 
touched with any acid solution. As a test for 
alkalies, redden the solution by the addition of an 
acid, and prepare paper slips as before directed, 



85 



which will turn blue if touched with any alkaline 
solution. 



STEONGHE TiTE'E'R-JEther Fortior. 

PUEIFIED GELO'ROTO'RM—Chloroformum 

Purificatum, 

Ether was formerly called sulphuric ether, on 
account of the sulphuric acid employed in its prep- 
aration; it contains no sulphuric acid, and ac- 
cordingly its name has been changed to JEther in 
the U. S. and British Pharmacopoeias, — the term 
JEther Fortior^ or stronger ether, expressing that 
which has been redistilled with lime and chloride 
of calcium, to render it suitable for medicinal use. 

When pure, it will not redden litmus paper, and 
will boil actively when a test-tube half filled with 
it is held in the hand and a small fragment of 
glass is dropped into it. When too long kept it 
undergoes decomposition, and is converted in 
part into acetic acid. 

It is very inflammable, and the greatest care 
should be used not to bring it in the vicinity of 
flame, as for example a lighted candle. When its 
use by artificial light is unavoidable, the utmost 
caution must be exercised in keeping the ether 
below the level of the light, as, the great specific 

8 



86 



gravity of the vapor causing it to fall, the liability 
of ignition is thus very much lessened. 

Purified chloroform is a neutral liquid, and 
neither reddens nor bleaches litmus paper ; when 
pure, if poured upon the hand, it quickly evapo- 
rates, leaving scarcely a perceptible smell. It is 
liable to decomposition by sunlight or even dif- 
fused daylight, and hence should be kept in bot- 
tles, covered with dark paper, and in a dark place. 
It is not inflammable. 

These, in addition to nitrous oxide, are the 
only agents in common use for producing general 
anaesthesia for surgical purposes. They both pos- 
sess the property of producing, when inhaled, 
partial or entire insensibility to pain, with or 
without total loss of consciousness. The usual 
apparent effects produced by either are not very 
dissimilar ; relaxation and loss of power over the 
voluntary muscles, insensibility to pain, and pro- 
found coma, are the common results. 

The rationale of their action upon the economy 
is still in dispute; but that they produce their 
effects by entirely different methods does not 
seem to be doubted ; and so thoroughly is this 
believed by some, that they use one as an anti- 
dote to an overdose of the other, although others 
give the two variously combined — for what reason 
does not clearly appear. 



87 



The advantages urged in behalf of chloroform 
are the smallness of the dose, promptness of ac- 
tion, more agreeable effects, less tenacious odor, 
and greater facility of exhibition, while its nar- 
cotic influence is markedly more persistent than 
that of ether. On the other hand, it is gen- 
erally admitted that chloroform is more danger- 
ous to life than ether. Notwithstanding many 
assurances to the contrary, it must be apparent 
that a condition so closely resembling death 
cannot be produced by any agent whatever 
without great risk of life, where morbid condi- 
tions of the heart, lungs, or brain exist, or when 
the administration is carelessly performed or the 
administrator is ignorant of physiology, unable 
to estimate the life-power of his patient, and to 
read intelligently the successive steps of the un- 
natural condition which he is producing; and 
unless he can read these manifestations as he 
would an open book, he should not venture upon 
the experiment. A knowledge, too, of the most 
appropriate remedies and treatment, when signs 
of danger appear, and having those remedies 
within instant reach, are absolutely essential; 
nor can the great importance of employing a 
perfectly pure article be overrated. 

A striking fact, to which attention has been 
repeatedly called, is that the fatal cases have been 



88 



in inverse proportion to the severity of the oper- 
ation. This is in part accounted for by the 
tolerance of proportionately heroic measures 
where excessive demands are made upon the 
nerve centres, as in capital operations; but the 
most probable solution is that of position — the 
recumbent being the rule in surgical and the sit- 
ting posture in dental operations. 

Taking into account the comparatively slight 
pain caused by the extraction of a tooth, the al- 
most instant manner in which it is performed, 
and the conceded fact that anaesthesia is not free 
from risk to life, it would seem that, unless in ex- 
ceptional cases of morbid sensitiveness, or unusual 
difficulty and severity in the operation, so great 
an interference with life-actions as is included in 
the condition termed anaesthesia should not be 
undertaken. Those who desire to administer anaes- 
thetics should make themselves familiar with the 
literature of the subject, and from the conflicting 
opinions as to relative advantages and dangers, 
modes of administration, methods of action, 
means of averting threatened danger, etc., form 
definite and well-settled conclusions. To attempt 
the task of giving, even from any single stand- 
point, directions which would qualify a novice to 
administer these agents, would extend this volume 
far beyond its design. 



89 



It is the rule in general surgical operations 
for one person to devote his attention exclusively 
to the administration of the anaesthetic; but in 
dental operations the dentist has the advantage 
of having his attention directed just where the 
most valuable indications of the anaesthetic con- 
dition are presented, viz., to the respiration, the 
eye, the countenance, etc.; but an assistant should 
always be at hand in case of trouble. 

When asphyxia results from the administra- 
tion of anaesthetic agents, such efforts should be 
made for resuscitation as the following : The nap- 
kin or inhaler being removed, the patient's tongue 
should be drawn forward with forceps or a te- 
naculum, fresh air admitted from the door or win- 
dows, or induced by a fan, and artificial respiration 
instituted, using stimulating applications to the 
surface, and cold water to the face and head. The 
main reliance, however, is on artificial respiration, 
and this is best kept up by Marshall HalPs ''ready 
method," as follows: '' Turn the body gently, and 
completely, on the side and a little beyond, and 
then on the face, alternately; repeating these mea- 
sures deliberately, efficiently, and perseveringly, 
fifteen times in a minute.'' When the patient re- 
poses on the thorax, this cavity is compressed by 
the weight of the body, and expiration takes place ; 
when he is turned on the side, this pressure is 

8* 



90 



removed and inspiration occurs. When the prone 
position is resumed, make equable but efficient 
pressure along the spine; removing it immedi- 
ately before rotation on the side (the first measure 
augments the expiration, the second commences 
inspiration). As soon as the patient can swal- 
low, give brandy and ammonia. Efforts at resusci- 
tation should not cease until death is evident be- 
yond all question. 

Another method of producing artificial respira- 
tion is known as Sylvester's. It consists in laying 
the patient on his back, drawing the tongue for- 
ward, then carrying the arms slowly upward over 
the head, thus elevating the ribs by means of the 
pectoral muscles, and inducing inspiration; the 
arms are then brought down to the side of the 
chest and slightly compressed against it; these 
movements are to be repeated slowly, as in the 
other method. If a galvanic battery is at hand, 
it should be resorted to among other possible 
means of restoring animation. It is recommended 
to apply the positive pole of the battery to the 
back of the neck, and the negative pole to the end 
of the breast-bone: breaking and renewing the 
current about fifteen times per minute. 

Nitrous oxide has been suggested as ^physio- 
logical antidote to all such poisonous agents, but 



91 



its efficiency in these relations is still an open 
question. 

Chloroform is used, either alone or in combi- 
nation with creasote, as an application to aching 
•teeth, and in some instances gives instant relief. 
Locally it is a powerful stimulant, and, if confined 
closely upon the part, is escharotic to weak tissues. 
It is an efficient antiseptic, and is recommended 
as a gargle, in the strength of 1 or 2 drachms to the 
pint of water, in foul ulcers of the throat, for the 
purpose of relieving pain, destroying fetor, and 
promoting the separation of diseased parts. 

NITEATE OF AMMONIA AND 
NITEOUS OXIDE. 

Nitrous oxide for anaesthetic purposes has come 
into such general use, that information is con- 
stantly asked in reference to its properties; the 
materials used in its manufacture ; the process of 
generating it ; how to determine the purity of the 
nitrate, and of the gas when made, etc. 

As found in commerce, nitrate of ammonia is 
crystallized, granulated, and fused. The fused 
salt is made by melting down the crystals, and 
allowing them to solidify into a compact mass on 
cooling. The granulated is made by evaporating 
the solution to such a density that it would solidify 



92 



on cooling, then reducing the heat and stirring the 
mass until it cools. 

The three varieties are all more or less deliques- 
cent, and should be kept in a dry place, excluded 
from the air. 

The fused is generally preferred, because the 
amount of gas given off by equal weight of the 
three varieties is somewhat in favor of the fused 
and granulated, and the latter is objected to by 
some on account of its greater liability to absorb 
moisture and gain weight by exposure to the air. 
If pure, when heated on platinum foil the nitrate 
should volatilize completely. A residue of any 
considerable amount would indicate the presence 
of some non-volatile salt — probably nitrate of pot- 
ash or soda. A solution of nitrate of ammonia 
should not afford a precipitate on addition of a 
few drops of chloride of barium, which would in- 
dicate s^ulphuric acid ; nor on the addition of a few 
drops of a solution of nitrate of silver, which would 
indicate the presence of chlorine. 

Sulphates and chlorides are almost always pres- 
ent in commercial nitrate of ammonia ; but if the 
solution is rendered only turbid, without affording 
an immediate precipitate with the above reagents, 
it is sufficiently pure. 

The various effects of increasing heat upon 
nitrate of ammonia are shown by the following 
table : 



93 



At 226° F. fuses perfectly. 

At 302° F. emits white fumes, condensing in 
drops. 

At 34t° F. effervesces slightly. 

At 356° F. boils without decomposition. 

At 43*7° F. effervesces rapidly. 

At 460° F. begins to evolve gas. 

At 482° F. evolves gas in abundance. 

Above 500° F. nitric oxide is given off. 

To determine the temperature, thermometers 
have been prepared which may be passed through 
the cork and into the retort, marking the following 
degrees: 226°, 356°, 460°, 482°, 500° F. 

To obtain the largest amount of gas, the nitrate 
should first be melted in the retort at a temper- 
ature just sufficient (226° to 250° F.). When 
melted, the heat may be at once carried up to the 
point of decomposition, 460° F. If a gradually 
increasing heat is used after the salt is melted, a 
portion of it will sublime unchanged until the 
temperature reaches 460° F. The heat should 
never be allowed to rise above 482° F., for be- 
yond that noxious products are generated. After 
the gas has begun to come over briskly, the ap- 
pearance of copious white fumes in the retort is 
an indication that the heat is too great. The 
nearer the heat can be kept at the point necessary 
to generate nitrous oxide, the purer will be the 
gas. 



94 



After the decomposition has fairly commenced, 
the heat must be lowered rather than increased, 
as by that time the sand, retort, and the salt itself 
have accumulated enough heat to carry on the 
generation of gas for some time, even if the flame 
were entirely withdrawn. 

A sand-bath should always be used to protect 
the retort from the direct heat, which may be sup- 
plied by means of a suitable gas-burner, or by an 
alcohol or kerosene lamp. 

The retort must be of glass ; no other practical 
material has yet been found to answer the pur- 
pose. The retort is usually sold with a ground- 
glass stopper; but owing to the variations of 
temperature to which the retort is subjected, it 
causes trouble by being too loose at times, and dif- 
ficult of removal at others. A good cork is to be 
preferred. These retorts are made of various 
shapes; that which seems to have given entire 
satisfaction is illustrated in the cut accompanying 
this article.. 

The solutions recommended for washing the 
gas — caustic potash and copperas — are intended 
to neutralize any noxious products caused by the 
use of impure nitrate of ammonia, or by an ex- 
cess of heat in the process. The caustic potash 
solution neutralizes any free nitric acid which 
may distill over. The copperas solution destroys 



95 



either chlorine or nitric oxide — binoxide of ni- 
trogen. The sulphuric acid is added to the cop- 
peras solution to prevent precipitation and insure 
a clear solution. After having passed through 
these solutions, it should not be inhaled im- 
mediately, but allowed to remain for two or 
three hours in the receiver over the water. It 
can then be tested by breathing it, and if it has 
not a coppery taste, and does not produce a hot 
sensation in the lungs, it may be relied upon as 
pure ; but if it cannot be breathed pleasantly, it 
should be allowed to remain in the gasometer until 
it can. When pure it possesses a very slight odor 
and a sweetish taste. It improves by age, and in 
a gasometer, such as is illustrated on a subsequent 
page, may be kept for many weeks; for although 
water takes up from 5- to 8-lOths of its own bulk 
of the gas, after it is once saturated it will not 
take up any more, except as the water will gradu- 
ally give out the gas and take up air through the 
surface exposed between the holder and receiver. 
It has been suggested that, if this surface were 
covered with a thin film of oil, this process would 
be entirely prevented, and gas thus protected has 
been said to have been retained in the gasometer 
for a month. 

The mouth-piece or inhaler should be constructed 
with a double valve, preventing the exhalations 



96 



from the lungs from being thrown back into the 
gasometer or bag from which the gas is admin- 
istered. 

Some operators have the gasometer placed in the 
cellar or in a room adjoining the office, and con- 
nect with it by a rubber tubing passing through 
the floor or partition, thus allowing the patient 
to inhale directly from the gasometer. Others 
prefer taking the gas from the gasometer as it is 
wanted, in an India-rubber bag, from which it is 
administered. It is only necessary, when the bag 
is to be filled, to connect it by tubing with the 
supply-cock of the gasometer, and by a little 
downward pressure on the receiver the gas will 
be forced into the bag. The capacity of the bag 
should not be less than 8 gallons, although when 
breathed in and out, as some operators administer 
it, 6 gallons or less will generally produce anaes- 
thesia. This effect usually occurs in from thirty 
seconds to a minute and a half; insensibility to 
pain is oftentimes reached before the patient is 
entirely unconscious. Anaesthesia is generally, 
although not invariably, manifested by snoring, but 
it is not always necessary to carry the effect to 
this point; and, notwithstanding the assurances to 
the contrary, there are many who do not believe 
that profound anaesthesia, produced by any agent, 
is entirely free from danger. At all events, it is 



97 



the dictate of prudence to proceed no further than 
is absolutely indispensable. It is customary to 
hold the nose of the patient so that no atmos- 
pheric air is mixed with the gas inhaled; but 
this practice is energetically opposed by some, 
who assert that an admixture of air is positively 
necessary to the safety of the patient. 

It is administered by some practitioners to 
every patient who presents, without regard to the 
state of the health ; but there is reason to believe 
that caution should be observed in this direction, 
and that it should not be given to those having 
heart disease, who are predisposed to apoplexy, 
or whose lungs are seriously affected, nor, as a 
rule, in any case where there is serious disturb- 
ance of vital functions. The unconscious state 
usually continues from a half to one minute, and 
in two to three minutes almost all return to a per- 
fectly normal condition. If the operation is pro- 
tracted, more gas can be given when sensibility 
to pain returns. 

Dr. Geo. J. Ziegler, who has carefully investi- 
gated the properties of this agent, claims that, 
*^ nitrous oxide is very efficient, as a restorative. 
It may be administered either in its gaseous state 
by the lungs or in conjunction with liquids by the 
alimentary canal. It should be given gradually 
in moderate quantities, so as not to generate too 

9 



NITEOUS OXIDE GAS APPARATUS. 




99 



much carbonic acid. Both it and oxygen are of 
primary importance in asphyxia. In chemical 
character and physiological influence they are the 
direct opposites and natural antidotes to narco- 
tizing agents and asphyxiated conditions. They 
should always be employed whenever practicable, 
as either alone or in combination with heat, they 
will often save life even in apparently hopeless 
cases. '^ 

DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING UP. 

Place the holder in a level position, and fill it 
with water to within an inch or two of the lower 
edge of the taper rim. 

A piece of lime the size of an egg will help to 
keep the water pure. 

Now open all the spigots, especially the one in 
the top of the receiver, and gently sink it into the 
water ; then close the spigot in the top of the re- 
ceiver and that on the upper edge of the holder, 
and arrange the weights that are attached to the 
receiver. 

Put into the first jar (No. 1) about a pint of 
water. Into the second jar (No. 2) such an 
amount of water that the long pipe attached to 
the lid shall dip about one inch below its level ; 
then add a half teaspoonful of sulphuric acid (oil 
of vitriol) and about a quarter pound sulphate of 



100 



iron (copperas). Into the third jar (No. 3) put a 
like quantity of water and add a couple of sticks 
of caustic potash. 

Arrange the jars in line and connect them by 
tubing, as shown in the cut. The tube from the 
retort must connect with the long pipe of jar No. 
1, and so on. When properly arranged, a current 
of air blown into the tube intended to connect 
with the retort will cause the water to bubble in 
jars Nos. 2 and 3, and if the spigot to which No. 3 
is attached be open, the receiver will begin to rise. 

Put into the retort the quantity of ammonia in- 
tended to be used (1 lb. will make about 30 gallons 
of gas). 

Place the sand-dish upon the stove, with sand 
sufficient to protect the retort. Connect the long 
pipe of the first jar to the retort by rubber tubing, 
so that the condensed steam may run into it. 

Now apply the heat gradually, and watch the 
process, being careful not to overheat the am- 
monia. 

The heat should be shut off before the ammonia 
is quite all decomposed, in order to avoid breaking 
the retort; and before the gas has quite ceased 
to come over, the retort should he disconnected 
from the first jar, and the receiving spigot closed. 
This is an essential point, for if not attended to 
promptly, and the atmospheric pressure thus equal- 



101 



ized, the solutions will be forced from one jar to 
another and into the retort, in consequence of the 
partial vacuum created by the withdrawal of the 
heat. 

It will be understood that the first jar is merely 
to receive the drip ; the use of the water is simply 
to keep the jar cool, and the tendency to become 
overheated may be obviated by setting it in a 
vessel of cold water. Fresh water may be sub- 
stituted at each operation. 

The solution of copperas should be renewed 
when it loses its green color, and the potash so- 
lution when it loses its alkalinity, as shown by 
its not turning red test-paper blue. 

The inhaling tube is attached to the top spigot 
of the holder. 

The register indicates the number of gallons of 
gas in the holder, as well as the quantity inhaled. 

If by accident water should get into the pipe 
by which the gas enters the receiver, it can be 
drawn off by the little screw-plug at the bottom 
of the holder. 



9* 



102 



BIOHLOEIDE OF METHYLENE. 

This new anaesthetic agent has recently been 
introduced by Dr. Benjamin W. Richardson, of 
London. 

It is prepared by the action of sulphuric acid 
on zinc in chloroform, and is a colorless liquid, 
with an odor like that of chloroform. This agent 
is considered more manageable than chloroform, 
the subject yielding gradually to its influence, with- 
out passing through the stage of excitement com- 
mon to all other general anaesthetics. It is ad- 
ministered upon a sponge, in a Clover's bag, or 
from a funnel. 

One drachm of bichloride of methylene corre- 
sponds to forty grains of chloroform. Several 
cases have been reported in which this new anaes- 
thetic has been employed in severe surgical op- 
erations on the human subject. In all the most 
satisfactory anaesthesia has been obtained, and 
in none have any untoward symptoms been 
noticed ; but a much more extended series of ob- 
servations will be necessary to determine its rank 
among anaesthetics. 



103 



TETKAOHLOEIDE OF OAEBON. 

The tetrachloride, or, as it was formerly called, 
bichloride of carbon, is the highest of a series of 
chlorides of four grades. Recent experiments in- 
dicate this agent to possess valuable anaesthetic 
properties. It has an agreeable, delicate odor, 
somewhat resembling that of the quince, and 
when inhaled imparts a sensation of coolness to 
the throat similar to that experienced in drawing 
in one's breath after taking peppermint. Its 
anaesthetic effects are very rapid, and conscious- 
ness is speedily restored after its use. 

Experiments upon the lower animals indicate 
that, when pushed to extremes, it destroys life by 
causing arrest of the circulation of the blood 
through the lungs. 

Notwithstanding all that may be claimed for 
these new anaesthetics, their relative value and 
safety can only be determined after an extended 
series of experiments and observations. 



104 



LOCAL AN51STHESIA. 

The danger attending the inhalation of the 
vapors of anaesthetic agents led to the introduc- 
tion of what are known as local anaesthetics. 
Various means have been tried, among them the 
application of the electro-galvanic current ; one 
pole of the battery being attached to the forceps, 
and a connection with the other held in the hand 
of the patient. 

Various local applications upon the tooth and 
surrounding gum have also been tried for the pur- 
pose of obtunding sensibility previous to extrac- 
tion. For this purpose equal parts of chloroform 
and tincture of aconite root have been recom- 
mended ; but as this last is a very dangerous 
agent, it must be used with great care. By some 
practitioners a solution of camphor in ether is 
highly spoken of. 

The following method of using chloroform or 
ether to obtain partial insensibility during extrac- 
tion of teeth, has been tried, it is asserted, with 
success. The plan is to drop on the vertex from 
10 to 30 drops of either of these agents, covering 
immediately with a folded napkin or handkerchief; 
an anaesthetic effect is produced, during which the 
tooth can be extracted. Should the application 



105 



cause a painful sense of heat, the cloth can be par- 
tially or wholly removed. 

More recently, the method invented by Dr. Benj. 
W. Richardson, of London, has come into general 
use. The process consists in directing on a given 
surface of the body, such as a tooth and the sur- 
rounding gum, a volatile liquid in minute sub- 
division or spray. 




The apparatus consists of a bottle to contain 
the ether or other fluid to be used; through a 
perforated cork a double tube is passed, one ex- 
tremity of the inner part of which goes to the 
bottom of the bottle ; above the cork a tube, con- 
nected with the bellows, pierces the outer part of 
the double tube, and communicates by a small 
aperture at the inner end of the cork with the in- 



106 



terior of the bottle. The inner tube for delivering 
the ether runs upward to the extremity of the 
outer tube. 

When the bellows are worked, a double current 
of air is produced; one current descending and 
pressing upon the ether, forcing it along the inner 
tube, and the other ascending through the outer 
tube and playing upon the column of ether as 
it passes from the inner tube. 

In operating for teeth extraction, most oper- 
ators throw the spray first on the gum and then 
upon the tooth and gum. Others cover the gum 
and other teeth with a non-conductor and throw 
the spray directly upon the tooth to be removed, 
taking the precaution to cover the nerve, if ex- 
posed, with wax or cotton. By this method some 
pain will be experienced during the first seconds 
of application, but it will speedily pass aw^ay, and 
when the gum becomes white, which should be in 
from ten to fifteen seconds after the first applica- 
tion of the spray, the tooth may be removed. 

To obtund sensitive dentine, throw the spray 
directly into the carious cavity, taking the pre- 
caution to cover that portion of the tissue over 
the pulp with some non-conducting material. 
Some operators fill the cavity with cotton and 
direct the spray upon that. The benumbing effect 
being only temporary, an occasional repetition of 



107 



the spray will be required until the excavation is 
completed. 

The spray has also been used with success in 
the treatment of periodontitis, thrown upon the 
affected tooth and surrounding gum. It is not 
considered necessary to carry the freezing process 
to the extent required for extracting teeth, but 
the application should be longer continued. 

It has also been successfully applied to check 
undue hemorrhage following extraction, and as a 
means of affording at least temporary relief in 
severe local pain, especially in cases of neuralgia. 

To obviate the disadvantages of local anaesthe- 
sia applied to operations in the mouth, the at- 
tempt has been made, with considerable success, 
to produce the anaesthesia required by the appli- 
cation of the spray along the course of the tri- 
facial nerve outside of the mouth. 

For use in this manner, some prefer concen- 
trated ether, others consider rhigolene as more 
sure and more easily controlled, and some advise 
a mixture of the two in equal parts. 

The concentrated ether is the officinal uEther 
Fortior ; but for this purpose it should be very 
carefully freed from alcohol aDd water, which in- 
terferes with the success of the process. 

Rhigolene is oue of the most volatile products 
obtained by the distillation of petroleum. It is 



108 



the lightest of all known liquids, its specific 
gravity being 0-625. It boils at 70° F. 

Local anaesthesia by cold, produced in this 
manner, has been used with great advantage 
in minor surgery; but if too long protracted, or 
over too large a surface, serious results may 
ensue. 

Rhigolene is highly esteemed as a topical appli- 
cation in periodontitis. It is applied on cotton to 
the gum after free scarification, — its extreme vola- 
tility rendering frequent renewal necessary. 

Rhigolene and ether, being extremely volatile 
and highly inflammable, should be kept securely 
corked and in a cool place, and not opened or used 
near a flame. 



®H®WA1 



OF THE 



PHILADELPHIA DEPOT. 



OUR PHILADELPHIA DEPOT 



WILL BE 



ON OR BEFORE 

AUGUST 15th, 1868, 

To the New JBuildinfff tvJiich has been erected especially 
as a 3Iamifactory and Sales-room of 

TEETH AND DENTAL MATERIALS, 

AT THE 

Corner of Twelfth and Chestnut Streets. 

SAMUEL S. WHITE. 

10 



WE HAVE RECENTLY PUBLISHED 

A DENTAL CATALOGUE, 

OF 226 PAGES OCTAVO, 

CONTAININa 

NEAELT 1000 ILLUSTEATIONS. 

It is printed on fine paper, neatly bound, and is a 

COMPLETE DIRECTORY TO THE DENTIST IN EACH 
DEPARTMENT OF HIS PROFESSION. 

Any Dentist, or Dealer In Dental Goods, who has not already received 
a copy, can obtain one, free of expense, upon application. Let the name 
of town, county, and State, and the name of the applicant, be written 
distinctly. 

ANOTHER GOLD MEDAL! 



We have the satisfaction of announcing the reception of the 

FOB, ARTIFICIAL TEETH, 

AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION! 

This makes, with those previously received, 

40 MEDALS AND CERTIFICATES. 



DENTAL AND MEDICAL BOOKS. 



Arthur on Decay of Teeth. Cloth $1 00 

Beale^s Sow to Work the Microscope. 400 Plates. Cloth . 10 00 

Biddle's Materia Medica for Students. Cloth . . 4 00 

JBond's Dental Medicinci Sheep 3 00 

Carpenter's I^hysiology. Cloth 5 50 

i( i( Sheep 6 50 

Cleveland's I^exicon. Cloth 1 25 

a a Tucks . 1 50 

Dalton's Physiology. Cloth 5 25 

if *( Sheep 6 25 

Dental Anomalies. Paper 25 

Dental Cosmos. Bound yoIs 3 50 

Dunglison's Dictionary. Cloth .... . 6 00 

it 'i Sheep 6 75 

Dunglison's Physiology. 2 vols. Cloth . . . . 7 00 

Erichsen's Surgery. Cloth . 6 00 

^^ *' Sheep 7 00 

JFownes' Chemistry. Cloth 2 00 

'' *' Sheep 2 50 

Fox and Sarris on the Teeth. Sheep . . . . 4 00 

Gray's Anatomy, Cloth 6 00 

<^ ^^ Sheep 7 00 

Gross' System of Surgery. 2 vols. Sheep . . . . 15 00 

Sandy's Text-Bool^ of Anatomy, Sheep . . . . 4 00 

Marris' Medical Dictionary, Cloth 6 50 

^^ '* " Sheep 7 50 

Harris' Principles and JPractice, Cloth . . . . 6 00 

^^ <^ '^ ^^ Sheep . . . 7 00 

JLeidy's Anatomy, Sheep 6 00 

Mitchell's Therapeutics. Sheep 4 00 

Morton and I^eeds' Chemistry. Cloth . . . . 2 00 

JPaget's Surgical Fathology. Cloth 6 00 

*' " *' Sheep 7 00 

JPiggott's Dental Chemistry. Sheep 3 50 

JticJiardson's Mechanical Dentistry, Sheep . . . 3 50 

Mobertson on JExtracting, Cloth 1 50 

Sansom on Chlorofor^n, Cloth 2 25 

[Over. 



Stille's Therapeutics. 2 vols. Cloth .... $10 00 
<^ ^* 2 vols. Sheep . : . . . 12 00 

Taft's Practical Treatise on Operative Dentistry, A 

New Revised and Enlarged Edition. Sheep . , . . 4 50 

Thomas' Medical Dictionary, Cloth . . . . 3 50 

^^ '' *' Sheep . . . . 3 75 

To'tnes' Dental Surgery. Sheep . . . . . . 4 50 

United States Dispensatory. Sheep 10 00 

Watson's Practice of Medicine. 2 vols. Cloth . . 6 50 
'^ " ^< 2 vols. Sheep . . 7 50 

Watt's Chemical Essays. Cloth 2 00 

Wildman on Vulcanite. Cloth 1 25 

Williams' Principles of Medicine, Cloth . . . 3 50 

Wilson's A:natomy. Cloth 4 00 

<< i* Sheep 5 00 

Wood's Practice of Medicine. 2 vols. Sheep . . . 11 00 
Wood's Therapeutics and Pharmacology, 2 vols. Sheep 11 00 



JUST PUBLISHED, 

CHEMICAL ESSAYS: 

A OOLLEOTION OP CHEMICAL ESSAYS IN 
EEPEEENCE TO DENTAL SUEQEEY. 

BY 
GEOEGE WATT, M.D., D.D.S., 

PROEESSOE OE PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEITTICS, LATE 
PROEESSOR OE CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY, IN THE 
OHIO COLLEGE OE DENTAL SURGERY, ETC. 

Xt is a handsome 12mo volutne, of 260 pages. 
Price $2.00, 

The friends of Dr. Watt will be glad to learn that his papers on 
Chemico-dental subjects have been collected together in this permanent 
and durable form. 



PREPARATIONS 



FOR 



OFFICE AND LABORATORY. 



Tincture of Myrrh, 8 oz. bottles . 

*• of Catechu. 8 oz. bottles 

" of "White-oak Bark. 8 oz. bottles 

" of Krameria. 8 oz. bottles . 

** of Arnica, 4 oz. bottles . 

*• of Calendula. 4 oz. bottles . 

** of Capsicum. 2 oz. bottles . 

" of Aconite Root, 1 oz. bottles 
"Wine of Opium. 2 oz. bottles . 

Glycerin. 8 oz. bottles 

Chlorate of Potassa, pulverized. 8 oz. bottles 
Soda Hyposulphite. 1 pound bottles 
" Sulphite. ^ pound bottles 
" Bisulphite. 2 oz. bottles . 
Tincture of Iodine. 1 oz. glass-stoppered bottles 

'• *' Colorless. 1 oz. glass-stoppered bottles 

Saturated Solution Iodine in Creasote. 3^oz. 
glass-stoppered bottles .... 



1 oz. 



glass' 



Saturated Solution Iodine in Glycerin 

stoppered bottles 

Iodine and Carbolic Acid. 2 oz. bottles 

Creasote, 1 oz. glass-stoppered bottles 

Carbolic Acid. 1 oz. glass-stoppered bottles 

Carbolic Acid and Glycerin. 2 oz. bottles 

Phenol Sodique, 8 oz. bottles, with directions 

Monsel's Solution— Persulphate of Iron. 1 oz. glass- 
stoppered bottles 

Monsel's Powder— Subsulphate of Iron, 1 oz. bottles. 

Solution Perchloride of Iron, 1 oz. glass-stoppered bottles 

Sesquichloride of Iron, (Crystallized.) 1 oz. glass-stop- 
pered bottles 

Styptic Colloid, 2 oz. bottles 

Tannin, 1 oz. bottles 

[Over. 
10* 



$0 75 
60 
40 
60 
35 
35 
25 
20 
60 
75 
70 
30 
25 
35 
25 
25 



40 

35 
25 
35 
40 
35 
50 

25 
25 
25 

50 
60 
50 



Elixir of Vitriol and Tannin. 2 oz. bottles . . . $0 50 
Isinglass Plaster. A neat and unirritating substitute for 

adhesive plaster. 1 yard in a box ...... 75 

Acetate of Morphia. % o^- bottles 1 00 

Nerve-Paste. Arsenic and Creasote, carefully prepared, in 

glass-stoppered bottles, with directions for use .... 50 

Chromic Acid. 3^ oz. glass-stoppered bottles .... 50 

Chloride of Zinc. 1 oz. glass-stoppered bottles ... 30 

Sulphate of Zinc. ^ pound bottles . ... 20 

Nitrate of Silver Crystals. % oz. bottles .... 30 

Oxalic Acid. 2 oz. bottles 15 

Permanganate of Potassa Crystals. 1 oz. bottles . . 60 

Bromide of Cadmium. 1 oz. bottles 1 00 

Ether, Concent. Pint bottles 1 50 

Ether, Washed. Pint bottles 1 40 

Chloroform. Pound bottles 2 50 

Rhigolene. 12 oz. bottles 1 00 

Astringent Mouth-wash, S. S. "White's. 16 oz. bottles, 

for office use 1 25 

Astringent Mouth-wash, S. S. White's. 3 oz. bottles, 

for office sale. Per dozen 3 75 

Saponaceous Toilet Mouth -wash. 4 oz. bottles, for 

office sale. Per dozen . . 3 75 

Da Costa's Mouth-wash. For office sale. Per dozen . , 3 50 
Tooth-powder, S. S.White's. No. 1, in tin cans. Per 

pound 1 50 

Tooth-powder, S. S.White's. No. 2, in tin cans. Per 

pound 75 

J. D. White's Dentine. In tin cans. Per pound . . . 1 50 

Best English Precipitated Chalk, Per pound ... 38 

Nitrate of Ammonia. Per pound 65 

Mercury, Kedistilled. Carefully prepared for making 

Amalgam, and warranted pure. Put up in quarter-pound 

bottles . 50 

Collodion, for Vulcanite work. 2 oz. bottles, with brush and 

directions for use 50 

Sandarac Varnish, for varnishing Casts, and saturating Cot- 
ton to retain preparations for destroying nerve. 2 oz. bottles 25 
Liquid Silex. With directions for use. 2 oz. bottles . . 20 
Sperm Oil. 2 oz. bottles 25 



A. liberal Discount to the Trade, 



TOOTH-POWDERS 

AND 



s. 


s. 


White's 


Tooth-pow 


der, 


No.l . 




. per pound 


$1 


50 






(( 


(( 




" 2 . 


, 


<* 




75 


J. 


D 


White's 


Dentine 




. 


. 


« 


1 


50 



Objections having been made by many of our Customers to the pur- 
chase of Tooth-powder, the constituents of which were unknown to 
them, we have prepared Dentifrices according to the following formulas, 
all the ingredients warranted pure : 



]sro. 1. 



Orris Root (white), 
Cuttle-fish Bone (very fine), 
Bicarbonate of Soda (pure), 
Color, 



Turkey Myrrh, 

White Sugar, 

Precipitated Chalk (English), 

Perfume. 



No. 2. 



Prepared Oyster Shell, 
White Sugar, 
Cinchona Bark, 
Powdered Myrrh, 
Orris Hoot, 



Ground Cinnamon, 
Dried Carbonate of Soda, 
Powdered Castile Soap, 
Oil of Lemon, 
Color. 



SAPONACEOUS TOILET-WASH. 

This is intended to meet a very general demand for a wash not de- 
cidedly astringent in its character, and therefore agreeable for use where 
no special diseased conditions exist requiring treatment. 

It is composed of Castile Soap, Glycerin. Spts. of Lavender Comp., 
Tincture Cinchona Comp., and Cologne Water. Two drops of this upon 
the brush are suflScient; an excess is unpleasant. 

Put up in neat 4 oz. paneled- arch bottles, and labeled without the 
manufacturer's name. 

Price per dozen |3 75 



ASTKINaENT MOUTH-WASH. 

This wash is intended for Office use, and for sale to patients; com- 
bining Anodyne, Astringent, Disinfectant, Detergent, Tonic, and Styptic 
properties. May be composed of Chlorate of Potassa, Tincture Kra- 
meria. Tincture Myrrh, Tincture Opii Camph., Tincture Cinchona Comp., 
Tincture Quillai, 01. Rosa, It may be used with or without the brush, 
in its full strength or diluted with water, to cleanse the teeth or as a 
wash for the mouth. 

Put up in neat 3 oz. bottles, and labeled without the manufacturer's 
name. 

Price . c per dozen $3 75 



DR. I. W. LYON'S 
TOOTH^TABLETS. 




A NEW AND IMPROVED FORM OF TOOTH-POWDER. 

Unlike the Tooth-powders commonly in use, this article is made into 
neat, portable cakes, divided into little tablets each of the right size for 
use, not liable to scatter or be wasted, and therefore very convenient, 
especially for Travelers. There is no occasion for dipping the brush into 
the box, thereby soiling what is not used, but a single tablet, enough for 
one brushing, may be broken off and put into the mouth ; thus, several 
persons can use from the same box with perfect neatness and propriety. 

It is made of the materials that were most approved of in the discus- 
sions of the American Dental Association at their Annual Convention, 
and is believed to be the best preparation yet produced for the teeth and 
gums. It has received the hearty approval of many leading dentists, to 
whom the formula has been submitted. 

Price, per dozen boxes $4 00 

A larger discount by the Gross. A liberal discount to be trade. 

Retails at 50 cents per box. 



SUPERIOR TEETH-BRUSHES. 

Manufactured Expressly for the Dental Trade. 

We offer to the Profession a large variety of three, four, and five-row 
Brushes of the very test quality of material and workmanship. For 
convenience in ordering, we have had them put up in assorted dozens — 
each Brush differing in style. The Brushes being numbered on the 
Handles, enables the Dentist or Dealer to select such styles as he may 
wish to order. 

Three-row Children's Brushes . . . per doz. $2 60 
Three and four-row " ... " 3 60 

Five-row Brushes " 4 60 

In addition to the above, an extensive stock of Imported Brushes, 
three, four, and five rows, at prices ranging from 75 cents to $5.00 per 
dozen. 

GLASS BOXES AND JARS^ 

FOR 

TOOTH-POWDERS AND PASTES. 

Wliite JEnameled or JPearl Color Boxes, with Bri- 
tatmia Covers (we do not keep the zinc covers). 2p^ inches 
in diameter by V/g inches high. Per dozen . . . . $1 25 

Seini-transparent Boxes, all glass. 2]/^ inches in di- 
ameter by 1 inch high. Per dozen 1 00 

Wliite JEna^nelecl or Bearl Color Boxes, all glass. 

2]/2, inches in diameter by V/l inches high. Per dozen . . .1 25 

White JEnatnelecl or JPearl Color Boxes, all glass. 

3 inches in diameter by 1}/^ inches high. Per dozen . . 1 50 

White JEnameled or Bearl Color Boxes. 3 inches 

square by 1 inch high, for pastes. Per dozen . . . . 2 00 

Semi-transparent Glass tfars, with glass covers. 3 
inches in diameter by 3 inches high (called 6 oz.), for pastes 
or powders. Per dozen 2 25 

Gilt Mini, White Enamel, Mound Glass Box. 2>% 
inches in diameter and 1% inches high, each Box weighing 

12 ounces. Per dozen 5 00 

These boxes are of the best quality Pittsburg and New England glass. 

We are prepared to furnish them by the dozen, gross, or in original 

packages. 



We call attention to a new form of 

TOOTH-POWDER BOTTLE, 

Patented Nov. 19t7i, 1867, hy Dr, tT. B. Da Catnara, 




The Bottle has a silver-plated metallic Cap, which is retained by a 
thread on the neck, and is easily removed to fill the Bottle. 

The Tube in the centre allows the nice distribution of the powder on 
the brush, and is closed by a neatly fitted sliding Cap. 

This convenient manner of keeping Tooth-powder meets with general 
favor It avoids waste, can be readily carried when traveling, retains 



the fragrance of the powder, and several may use from the same bottle 
with propriety. 

Glass bottle and cap (as per cut), without boxes, per doz. . $2 70 

Glass bottle and cap (as per cut), without boxes, filled with 

S. S. White's Tooth-powder, No. 1, per doz. . . 4 00 

Glass bottle and cap (as per cut\ with elegantly finished 

round boxes, gilt rim, size of bottle, per doz. . .3 25 

Glass bottle and cap (as per cut), with elegantly finished 
round boxes, gilt rim, size of bottle, and filled with 
S. S. White's Tooth-powder, No. 1, per doz. . . 4 60 

Dentists can affioc their otvn labels. 



ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS, 



We have just received from |Paris a new lot of the following prep- 
arations : 

First and Second Dentition, Upper and Lower Maxilla 

(mounted), with Vase $15 00 

Upper and Lower Maxilla, exhibiting Nerve and Artery on 
one side, and Artery and Vein on the other, Jaw carved 
and Teeth split to show the Nerve Cavity (mounted), 
with Vase 30 00 

Section of Head, showing distribution of Fifth Pair of 
Nerves, connected with Teeth and Jaws (mounted), 
with Vase 50 00 

Head, showing first and second Dentition (mounted), with 

Vase 30 OO 

Comparison of the Angle of the Lower Jaw in the Infant, 

Adult, and Old Age (mounted), without Vase . . 9 50 

Comparison of the Arch of the Upper Jaw in the Infant 

and the Adult (mounted), without Vase . . . 9 50 

Skulls, No. 1, with extra perfect articulation , . 16 00 

" " 2 12 00 



STAND FOE OFFICE PEEPAEATIONS. 




This is intended for the clean and convenient keeping of Dental 
Polychrests, such as Carbolic Acid, Iodine, etc. The Base is of wood, 
highly polished, 7^ inches in diameter, 1% inches high. Vase of fine 
glass, 6 inches in diameter, 6^ inches high, containing 8 cut-glass bot- 
tles with ground stoppers, and a drop bottle in the centre. Chenille 
around the Vase. 

Price . . $6 00 



HAND-MIRRORS, 

JUST IMPORIEI) DIRECT FROM PARIS. 

Rosewood and Satinwood, Bevel-edge, Plate Glasses, extra finished, 
assorted sizes, prices ranging from $2 25 to $3 00 each. 



DROP BOTTLES. 




These bottles are very convenient for using Iodine. Creasote, Acids, 
etc., in the office. Warm the bulb over the flame of a spirit-lamp or in 
warm water, in order to expand the air; then immerse the point in the 
liquid desired, and it will slowly ascend into the bulb as the air is con- 
densed. This should be done in a wide-mouth bottle or cup, as, if 
placed in the bottle to which it belongs, it is apt to crack by the un- 
equal expansion in the neck. 

When perfectly cool, it may be placed in the bottle, which should 
contain at least enough of the liquid to cov«r the point and prevent its 
contents from dropping. When desired for use, the warmth of the hand 
applied to the bulb will force the contents out a drop at a time. 

The advantages of this little contrivance, in the readiness with which 
it may be used, its cleanliness, etc., will be apparent to all. 



Price 



each 25 cents. 



11 



CREASOTE APPLIANCE. 

Intended to prevent fluid caustics, such as Creasote or Solu- 
tion of Nitrate of Silver, from running down and cau- 
terizing the lips when being applied to the gums. The 
Cut shows the size of the Instrument. A Spiral Platina 
"Wire, two inches long, is inserted in a Handle, passing 
through a small piece of Sponge, over which is a Glass 
Tube one and a quarter inches long. The Tube slides 
over a part of the Handle to keep it firm, and to hold 
the Wire in the centre. When the caustic is taken up 
on a small piece of cotton, if any should run down, it 
is caught in the Tube $0 75 



SYRINGES. 



Gold, extra heavy, 18 carats fine, two Pipes . . $30 00 

Silver, two Pipes 7 50 

Coin Silver, small size, Electro-gilded, with two Pipes, 

a beautiful article . . . . . . . 7 50 

Silver-plated, two Pipes 4 00 

Glass, Silver-mounted, beautiful and cleanly . . 4 50 

Britannia, Silver Pipe 1 00 

" German Silver Pipe 63 

Vulcanized Rubber 1 00 

" " Silver Pipe 1 50 

« " 18-carat Gold Pipe . . . 3 50 

* « " Small, Gold Pipe, for injecting 

Iodines and Acids into Ab- 
scesses 6 00 

* « " Small, with Steel Pipe, subcuta- 

neous . . . • • . 4 00 

* Glass, small, with Steel Pipe graduated, subcutaneous 5 00 

* Inclosed in neat Morocco Cases, convenient for the 
Pocket, and protecting the Syringe. 



ELECTRO-PLATED ELASTIC BULB SYRINGES. 




^ 



Price 



. $2 50 



IMPROVED ELECTRO-GILT SYRINGES, 

WITH ELASTIC BULB. 




A SUPERIOR ARTICLE. 

Price $3 GO 



DENTISTS' NAPKINS. 

Fine quality, all linen, Damask Napkins, 63^^ inches square, 

per doz. $1 00 

Damask Napkins, 12^^ by 113^ inches, cut and fringed " 1 75 

" " 12 inches square . . . . " 1 50 

Also, for the mouth, in square and oblong pieces, stitched to pre- 
vent raveling, the following varieties, made of fine Bird-eye 
Diaper : 

Square, 3^^ inches per doz. 

" 51^ " 

Oblong, 4 " by 7 inches " 

Also, fine Bird-eye Diaper Napkins, hemmed, 10^^ in. sq. " 

Extra " " " 101^ " 

« " " " 163^ " " 



40 

80 

80 

2 00 

2 75 

5 00 



TONGUE-HOLDER 



AND 



iDXjaT-oo]ivd:i»i^Essoi?,- 

No. 1. No. 2. 




For this modification of a very useful instrument, we are indebted to 
Dr. p. T. Smith, of Tipton, Iowa, from whom we have received the fol- 
lowing complimentary notice: "I cannot too highly compliment its 
mechanism both for strength and beauty; and after giving it a trial, I 
can offer no suggestions for its improvement, but do cheerfully and 
earnestly say that one of your make should be in the hands of every 
Dental operator." 

By its use the tongue may be clamped down in place and kept in posi- 
tion as long as desired. The sublingual and submaxillarj'- ducts may be 
very effectually closed by placing upon them rolls or pads of bibulous or 
tissue paper before applying the Compress; a pad of paper or a napkiu 



should be placed on the tongue before applying the instrument. The 
use of it is a relief to patients rather than a discomfort, holding the 
tongue entirely out of the way during an operation, without requiring a 
constant effort on their part. It possesses all the advantages of the 
Hawes Compressor, and the additional convenience of a lateral and slid- 
ing motion of the Compressor and a lateral motion of the Chin-plate, by 
which the Post can be placed at either side, out of the way of the operator. 

The Chin-plate of No.l is 2 inches long by 1^ inches wide. 

The Chin-plate of No. 2 is 2^^ inches long by 1}/^ inches wide. 

The stationary part of the Post of both is 1% inches long, and can be 
extended to 2^ inches by the Katchet and Stop. 

The Compressor has a sliding motion of 1% inches. 



BRASS, SILVER-PLATED. 

No. 1, chin-piece concave, shield-form, padded with velvet . . $5 00 

No. 2, shaped to fit the chin front or sideways, plain burnished . 5 00 

With both patterns of chin-plate 8 00 

GERMAN SILVER, SILVER-PLATED. 

No. 1, chin-piece concave, shield-form, padded with velvet . . 6 00 

No. 2, shaped to fit the chin front or sideways, plain burnished . 6 00 

With both patterns of chin-plate 9 00 



NITROUS OXIDE GAS APPARATUS. 

Illustrated on page 98. 

Complete Apparatus, 40 gallons' capacity . ... $65 00 

" « 50 " " 70 00 

Boxing (additional) 2 50 

11* 



RETORTS, 




Tubulated Retorts, flint glass, half gallon, of shape illustrated. Made 
expressly for our sales, and highly spoken of by those who have used 
them for manufacturing Nitrous Oxide. 

Price $1 50 



THERMOMETERS 

TO INDICATE THE HEAT EMPLOYED IN MANU- 
FACTURING NITEOTTS OXIDE. 

They are intended to be passed through the Cork and into the Retort. 
They are marked with the following degrees: 226° 356° 460°, 482°, 
600° F. 



Price 



$1 50 



DR. D. H. GOODWILLIE'S 

INHALING APPARATUS, 



FOR ADMINISTERING 



All the Ansesthetics, Medical Vapors, etc. 



DESORIPTIOlSr. 

a. Bottle loosely filled with a sponge. 

5. Tube passing to the centre of the 
sponge, conveying air. 

c. Tube conveying the vapor from 
the bottle. 

A. Faucet, containing the inhala- 
tion and exhalation valves and air- 
passage, and revolving one-sixth of 
a circle. 

C. Face-piece, fitting over mouth 
and nose, with a flexible border. 
(Two sizes.) 

Fig. 2. 
Faucet wWi the valves. 

h. Inhalation valve, for the passage 
of the vapor. 

/. Exhalation valve, for the breath to pass out. 

j. Passage for the vapor in inhalation and the breath in exhalation. 

g. Fresh-air passage, with an index to show the quantity of vapor or 
air being inhaled at any given time. 

The relative proportions of vapor and air are changed by the revolu- 
tion of the faucet A over the inhalation valve h, Fig. 2, and the air-pas- 
sage G, Fig. 2. These proportions are shown by the index at G. Thus 
revolving from 1 to 4 increases the vapor, and in the same proportion 
decreases the air from 4 to 1, vice versa. 1 is the minimum amount of 
vapor and the maximum amount of air ; 4 the maximum of vapor and 
minimum of air. 

When the patient in*hales, the air passes into the bottle at 6, causing 
the liquid to evaporize on the upper half of the sponge, and passing out 
at C into the inhaler to be inhaled, the amount of vapor or air being 




regulated by the revolution of the faucet over the inhalation valve and 
air-passage. 

The bottle should never be more than half full, so as to allow evapora- 
tion on the upper half of the sponge. 

A flexible border is stretched over the face-piece for children, or in- 
halation by the nose only. For the administration of nitrous oxide, the 
inhaler can readily be applied by connecting it to the gasometer or bag 
instead of the bottle. 

The value of this Inhaling Apparatus consists in — 

1st. Its safety. Air is at all times inhaled with the vapor, producing 
good anassthesia without asphyxia. It is under the complete control of 
the anaesthetist. 

2d. Efficiency. The gradual inhalation of the vapor produces less spasm 
of the epiglottis (coughing), struggling, or sickness. Anassthesia is quietly 
produced and maintained. Rapid recovery from the anassthetic. 

3d. Economy. As all the vapor must pass from the bottle to the lungs, 
there is consequently no loss of the ansesthetic, and little or no smell of 
ether in the room. A saving of two-thirds of ether or chloroform over 
the old way of administering. 

4th. Simplicity. Consisting of an inhaler (mixing vapor and air at will) 
connected to a bottle from which the ansesthetic is inhaled. 

5th. Cleanliness. As the apparatus is made of hard rubber and glass, it 
is readily kept clean. 

From a record of 50 cases of anaesthesia kept at Bellevue Hospital, the 
following is the result : Three (3) ounces of ether will produce anaesthesia 
and sustain it for one-half hour in an adult. This is the average of the 
above 50 cases. Slight sickness in four cases, but did not interrupt 
operation. 

Improved Inhaler, with two Face-pieces of different sizes (as 

per Cut described in our Catalogue, page 145) . . . $10 00 
Apparatus Complete, in Boxes or Leather Bags . . . 18 00 



FUSED NITRATE OF AMMONIA. 

Manufactured expressly for our sales. Best quality. Put up for con- 
venience in Wood Boxes, containing 5 and 10 pounds each. 

In original packages, Box included . . per pound $0 65 

When ordered by Dentists in lots of 50 pounds, a discount of 10 per 
cent, will be allowed. 



NOTICE. 

PEESENT PEIOES OP GOLD POIL. 

S. S. WHITE'S, $44. 

S. S. WHITE'S " Hastings," | ^^^^^^ 

S. S. WHITE'S " Eakins," i 

Watts', Abbey's, and Atkinson's, at manufacturers' current rates. 
Present price of each (July 15th), $48 ; Watts', No. 2, $50. 

The prices of Foils vary with the premium on Grold. 



COMPOSITION FILLINGS. 

(When sent by mail, postage extra.) 
S. S. White's Gutta-percha Filling, No. 1 (postage 6 cts.), per i^ oz. $1 50 



a a a No. 2 " " " " 

Hill's stopping, in oz. and }^ oz. packages (postage 9 and 6 cents), 

per oz 

Artificial Dentine (Bevin's) (postage 6 cents), per 3^oz. 
Roberts' Os Artificiel (postage free) per box 

" " " " " Gum Color, per box 

Oxychloride of Zinc (postage 45 cents), 1 oz. package 
« « 24 " 3^ 

Lawrence's Amalgam " 9 

Townsend's " " 9 " " . 

Luther's " " 9 " " . 

Walker's Excelsior Amalgam (postage 9 cents), per oz. 
Arrington's New " *' 9 " " 



per oz. 



1 GO 

5 00 

2 00 
1 00 

1 00 
4 00 

2 00 

1 00 

3 00 

2 00 

3 00 

4 00 
4 00 



S. S. WHITE'S 

GUTTA-PEROHA FILLING. 



After considerable experimentation, we are now ready to offer 

A SUPEHIOR ARTICLE OP 

PREPARED GUTTA-PERCHA, 

TOUGH AND DUKABLE, 

FOR FILLING TEETH. 



There are two varieties : No. 1, light colored and strong, suitable for 
cavities in front teeth ; No. 2, darker colored, and well adapted to cover 
temporarily applications for sensitive dentine and for devitalizing pulps. 
Put up in half-ounce packages. 

Price per Half-ounce Package, No. 1 $1 50 

" " " « No. 2 1 00 

A LIBEEAL DISCOUNT TO DEALERS. 



FRENCH RUBBER TUBING. 



Just received, a new importation of assorted sizes best French 
tubing, for Dental purposes. 
Per foot, all sizes $0 20 



DOUBLE-TOP MERCURY HOLDER. 



FOR CONVENIENT PREPARATION OF AMAIGAM. 




The Cut represents the size of the Holder, which will contain one and 
a half ounces of Mercury. It has two apertures, one for filling the 
Holder with Mercury, and the small opening to allow it to escape in 
a fine stream. The Cap prevents the escape of the Mercury. 



Holder, of ebony or boxwood, nicely polished 
" filled with Redistilled Mercury 



. $0 35 
60 



COFFER-DAM RUBBER. 



A large supply of this popular article. 

Per yard 

" ounce (Troy) . . . . 



$3 00 
50 



INSTRUMENTS. 



-♦o^ 



In the manufacture of Dental Instruments, our facilities are not sur- 
passed by any establishment in the country. We import the best quality 
of Steel in large quantities, made to order in special shapes and sizes, 
expressly for our use; procure Ivory, Ebony, Pearl, Cameo, and fancy 
Woods dii ect from first hands ; have secured skilled workmen in each 
department connected with their manufacture; provided machinery 
peculiarly adapted to the work, and are thus enabled to furnish the 
finest quality of Instruments at moderate prices. Being made under 
our own supervision, we guarantee their quality, and invite comparison 
with those of other manufacturers. 

Prof J. Taft, in the April number of the Dental Register, uses the 
following language in reference to our Instruments : 

" It is with pleasure that we call attention to the fine serrated plugging 
instruments now manufactured by S. S. White. His aim has been to 
make these instruments in quantities sufficient to supply the demand; 
and equal in quality and perfection of form and finish to the highest 
execution and conception of a Palmer, Butler, or Abbott. This he has so 
well succeeded in doing as almost to defy criticism. We have been using 
these instruments for a time with a view of testing them, and we are 
compelled to say that they are far superior to anything we have used 
before. The forms are very much improved and the serrations most per- 
fect. With such instruments it is a pleasure to fill teeth. 

"We trust that the plugging instruments to which we have referred 
will be tested by every one who desires to make good operations. Perfect 
instruments lead one on to improved operations." 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF SECTIONAL TEETH 



The following illustrations of a few of the different sizes and styles of 
sectional teeth are presented, with a view of enabling dentists practicing 
in cities and towns remote from dental depots to order, with some de- 
gree of certainty, style, sizes, and shapes of teeth adapted to particular 
cases on hand. The numbers aittached to the cuts are the same as are 
moulded on the reverse of the blocks. A much more extended catalogue 
of forms and sizes will shortly be published. 

We are indebted for this method uf delineating forms of blocks to Mr. 
Charles J. Essig, of Baltimore, Md. 








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